CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE.pdf

Chemical Building Blocks of life LECTURE OUTCOMES: The functional groups used in biological systems Define monomer, polymer, macromolecule...

Chemical Building Blocks of life LECTURE OUTCOMES: The functional groups used in biological systems Define monomer, polymer, macromolecule The structure and role of carbohydrates The structure and role of nucleic acids The structure and role of proteins The structure and role of lipids Functional groups used in Biological Systems Type your text Type your text Type your text Type your text Type your text MONOMER > monomer is a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid. Monomers join to form polymers. MACROMOLECULE > macromolecule is a very large POLYMERS molecule important to biological A polymer is any of a class of natural or processes, such as a protein or nucleic synthetic substances composed of very large acid. It is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many molecules, called macromolecules, which are macromolecules are polymers of multiples of simpler chemical units called smaller molecules called monomers. monomers. Polymers make up many of the FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULE: materials in living organisms and are the basis 1. Carbohydrates of many minerals and man-made materials. 2. Nucleic Acids 3. Protein 4. Lipid  Building blocks of cells - Cytoplasm, lysosome WATER Key solvent needed for life - Dissolves substances ( hydrophilic) / HYDROPHOBIC If something is non-polar and does not interact with water loving - Polar solutes water (is insoluble) -Ions The polarity of water molecules helps HYDROPHILIC If something is polar/charged and does interact water dissolve a broad range of biologically important molecules, with water (is soluble since many of them are hydrophilic Functional groups CARBON Hydrocarbons : contains carbn Carbon atoms form the framework and hydrogen of biological molecules Carbon can be bonded to: Biological Molecules: Hydroxyl, carbonyl, - Carbon, H, O, N, P, S carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, Monosaccharides CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides are simple sugars; they are the monomers A monomer is a single unit of a Carbohydrates serve as energy storage that make up larger carbohydrates or other molecules in the cell. Examples: carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic and structural materials -Ribose -Glucose acid. Monomers join to form Carbohydrates include sugars and the -Fructose polymers of sugars. polymers. Carbohydrates are a loosely defined Dehydration synthesis binds two monosaccharides together, forming a disaccharide. Sucrose is a group of molecules containing carbon, disaccharide. hydrogen, and oxygen Biological Functions -examples: sugars, starch, glucose Provide structure Function as short and long-term storage of chemical energy Part of backbones of nucleic acids Combine with proteins (glycoproteins) Combine with lipids (glycolipids) PROTEIN NUCLEIC ACID Proteins are the “workers” of cells; they facilitate so many processes. Proteins like collagen create cellular structures. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. Proteins like actin and myosin produce muscle contractions. The primary structure of each protein in a cell is determined by the sequence Proteins are made of amino acids. The 20 different amino acids have 20 different R-groups. Some are polar, some are nonpolar, some are charged. of nucleic acids in DNA. More on this in latter classes when we look at the Some are small, some are medium, some are bulky. biological processes of transcription and translation. Protein- Polymers -Polymer – nucleic acids -Monomers – nucleotides FUNCTIONS DEHYDRATION SYTHESIS RIBOSOME Enzyme catalysis,Defense, binds two amino acids together, A cellular machine/ organelle that Transport, Structural Support, forming a dipeptide, shown below. A synthesises protein Motion,Regulation, Storage. long chain of amino acids is called a DNA polypeptide. Nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose DNA is double-stranded Covalently-bonded sugar and phosphate molecules make up LIPIDS sides (backbone) DNA All lipids are hydrophobic Classes of lipids Hydrogen-bonds joins bases between strands Different groups of lipids include molecules with varying structure and function. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, lipids are NOT built Triglycerides (fats and Complementary bases from chains of monomers.Loosely defined group of molecules Thymine (T) always (almost always) pairs with adenine (A) Insoluble in water,High proportion of nonpolar C—H bonds Guanine (G) always (almost always) pairs with cytosine (C) Hydrophobic Base sequence of all the genes is called the genome Fats, oils, waxes, some vitamins Terpenes Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Steroids (cholesterol) Steroids are another RNA similar to DNA except Prostaglandins Ribose not deoxyribose RNA uses uracil not thymine Often exists as single polynucleotide strand Synthesis of RNA uses the information in DNA. Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA Phospholipids (excludes retroviruses) Specifies sequence of amino acids in proteins are components of cell membranes. Cholesterol Dehydration synthesis binds two nucleotides together, is a common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, Hydrolysis separates nucleic acids into individual nucleotides. including sex hormones  FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS CELLULAR STRUCTURE: Intermiediate fillaments. And they have different structures. CELLULAR STRUCTURE: Strach grains in a chloroplast ROLE/ FUNCTIONS: They are the “workers” of cells; they facilitate many processes. Moreover, they create cellular ROLE/ FUNCTIONS: it serves as energy and structural structures like collagen. As well as Actin and Myosin, they procude muscle contractions. materials. Function as short and long-term storage of Furthermore, they are an enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, structural support, motion, regulation, and storage, chemical energy Part of backbones of nucleic acids EXAMPLE: Combine with proteins (glycoproteins) Structural, Enzymatic, Carrier, Hormonal, Contractile Combine with lipids (glycolipids) EXAMPLE: sugars, starch, glucose- Serves as a building block for many other carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen and cellulose NUCLEIC ACIDS CELLULAR STRUCTURE: Chromosomes LIPIDS ROLE /FUNCTIONS: - are responsible for the transmission of inherent CELLULAR STRUCTURE: Adipose cell with characters from parent to offspring. fat droplets They are responsible for the synthesis of protein in our body ROLE/ FUNCTIONS: Long term energy storage: EXAMPLE: it includes DNA and RNA which membrane components. DNA are deoxyribose ( double stranded) , and RNA are Ribose ( single stranded) EXAMPLES: Fats, oils, Phospholipids, steroids.