CHEM123 Lab - W2 Laboratory Safety PDF

CHEM123 LAB: W2 Laboratory Safety UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT Instituted by CDC (1987) All patients are considered to be poss...

CHEM123 LAB: W2 Laboratory Safety UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT Instituted by CDC (1987) All patients are considered to be possible carriers of Public Law 91-596 blood-borne pathogens Was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1970 Recommends wearing gloves when collecting or Main goal: provide all employees with a safe work handling blood and body fluids contaminated with environment. blood Wearing face shields when there is danger of blood OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION splashing on mucous membranes Authorized to conduct on-site inspections to Disposing all needles and sharp objects in puncture- determine whether an employer is complying with the resistant containers mandatory standards CDC excluded urine and body fluids not visibly contaminated by blood from UP, although many OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT specimens can contain a considerable amount of OSHA standards that regulate safety in the laboratory include blood before it becomes visible the following: The modification of UP for body substance isolation (BSI) helped to alleviate this concern 1. Blood-borne Pathogen Standard BSI guidelines are not limited to blood-borne 2. Formaldehyde Standard pathogens; they consider all body fluids and moist 3. Laboratory Standard body substances to be potentially infectious 4. Hazard Communication Standard 5. Respiratory Standard BSI GUIDELINES 6. Air Contaminants Standard Personnel should wear gloves at all times when 7. Personal Protective Equipment Standard encountering moist body substances Blood-borne Pathogen Standard A major disadvantage of BSI guidelines are that they do not recommend handwashing following removal Applies to all exposure to blood or other potentially of gloves unless visual contamination is present infectious materials in any occupational setting Universal precaution and PPE STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Mandates the development of an exposure control Hand washing plan Gloves Decontamination and safe handling of specimen Mask, eye protection, and face shield Requirement for HBV vaccination Gown Hazard Communication Standard Patient care equipment Environmental control Toxic and Hazardous Substances regulations Linen To ensure that the hazards of all chemicals used in the Occupational health and blood-borne pathogens workplace have been evaluated and that this hazard Patient placement information is successfully transmitted to employers and their employees. CHEMICAL SAFETY HAZARD COMMUNICATION BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OSHA published the new Hazard Communication Standard (Right to Know Law) To comply with the regulation, clinical laboratories must: Plan and implement a written hazard communication program Obtain material safety data sheets (MSDS) Educate all employees Maintain hazard warning labels on containers received or filled on site MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Major source of safety information for employees who may use hazardous materials 1. Product name and identification 2. Hazardous ingredients 3. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 4. Physical and chemical data 5. Health hazard data and carcinogenic potential 6. Primary routes of entry 7. Fire and explosion hazards 8. Reactivity data 9. Spill and disposal procedures 10. PPE recommendations 11. Handling ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 12. Emergency and first aid procedures (REPUBLIC ACT 9003) BY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT 13. Storage and transportation precautions AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR) 14. Chemical manufacturer’s name, address, and telephone number Biodegradable waste – food wastes, yard wastes, etc. 15. Special information section (green) Non-biodegradable/Recyclable wastes – paper, OSHA LABORATORY STANDARD plastic, styrofoam, tin cans, bottles, etc. (red) Non-recyclable/Residual wastes – used/worn out rugs, To address the shortcomings of the Hazard ceramics, soiled plastics, candy wrappers, etc. (blue) Communication Standard Special/Hazardous Wastes – used fluorescent Requires the appointment of a chemical hygiene lamps/bulbs, batteries, spray canisters, etc. (black) officer and the development of a chemical hygiene plan. GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY PRACTICES CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN No smoking, eating, and application of cosmetics Proper use of PPE Procedures describing how to protect employees against teratogens, carcinogens, and other toxic Shoes should be made of nonporous materials with chemicals must be described in the plan closed toes and heels Must detail engineering controls, PPE, safe work Hand washing should be done between each patient practices, and administrative controls, including even if gloves are worn provisions for medical surveillance and consultation, Needles and other sharps should be discarded into when necessary puncture-resistant and leak-proof containers OTHER ORGANIZATIONS/LAW CONCERNED WITH LAB SAFETY EQUIPMENT SAFETY All laboratories are required to have Clean Water Act Safety showers Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Eyewash stations Toxic Substances Control Act Fire extinguishers The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Fire blankets, spill kits, and first aid supplies (CLSI) provides excellent general and infection control guidelines in their documents CHEMICAL FUME HOODS AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY The Joint Commission (TJC) CABINETS College of American Pathologists (CAP) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) BIOLOGIC SAFETY GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Categories of Chemicals Spills Corrosive - chemicals with a pH of 12.5 Toxic Substances - poisons, irritants and asphyxiants Wear appropriate protective equipment. Carcinogens - capable of causing cancers Use mechanical devices to pick up broken glass or Mutagens and Teratogens - capable of causing other sharp objects. chromosomal aberrations and congenital Absorb the spill with paper towels, gauze pads, or malformations tissue. Ignitable - flammable and combustible Clean the spill site using a common aqueous Reactive - explosives and oxidizers detergent. Disinfect the spill site using approved disinfectant or Corrosive Chemicals 10% bleach, using appropriate contact time. Rinse the spill site with water. Injurious to the skin or eyes by direct contact Dispose of all materials in appropriate biohazard Injurious to the tissue of the respiratory and containers. gastrointestinal tracts if inhaled or ingested Acids (acetic, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric) LAB SAFETY GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Bases (ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide) Concentrated Acid/Base Spills OSHA Regulated Carcinogenic Chemicals Should be diluted with water before cleanup is attempted Chloromethyl methyl ether- vinyl chloride Cover the spill with neutralizer N-Nitrosodimethylamine o Sodium bicarbonate- acids Benz[a] pyrene o Boric acid- bases 4-Aminobiphenyl Absorb spill using an absorbent Benzidine Surface should be covered with soap and water 1-Naphthylamine OTHER CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND SYMBOLS 2-Naphthylamine 4-Nitrobiphenyl Benzene Ethylenimine P-Dimethylaminobenzene Β-Propiolactone Bis Chloromethyl ether RADIATION SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONS Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license is required if the total amount of radioactive material exceeds a certain level Film badge or dosimeter must be worn when handling radioactive chemicals CHEMICAL HAZARDS STORAGE OF CHEMICALS Flammable/Combustible Chemicals Stored in an uncluttered area (properly ventilated) Flash point, which is the temperature at which Away from heat source sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture Should not be stored above eye levels with air Inorganics should be stored separately from organics Acetone, Benzene, Ethanol, Heptane, Isopropanol, (EXCEPT NITRIC ACID) Methanol, Toluene, Xylene Flammables should be stored in an approved Certain gases, such as hydrogen, and solids, such as flammable safety cabinet paraffin Water reactive chemicals should be stored in a dry environment (no automatic sprinkler system) FIRE SAFETY THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS All the elements essential for fire to begin are Use only explosion-proof equipment in hazardous present—fuel, heat or ignition source, and oxygen atmospheres (air) Be particularly careful when operating high-voltage equipment, such as electrophoresis apparatus CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE Use only properly grounded equipment (three- Class A: ordinary combustible solid materials, such as pronged plug) paper, wood, plastic, and fabric Check for frayed electrical cords Class B: flammable liquids/gases and combustible Promptly report any malfunctions or equipment petroleum products Do not work on “live” electrical equipment Class C: energized electrical equipment Equipment should be checked annually for current Class D: combustible/reactive metals, such as leakage and ground integrity magnesium, sodium, and potassium LAB SAFETY RULES 1. Always follow the teacher’s directions and only do lab work when a teacher is present. 2. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times. 3. Do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until told to do so. 4. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the lab. Do not use lab glassware as food or beverage containers. 5. Report ALL accidents to your teacher immediately, even if you think it is minor. Use RACE (Rescue, Alarm, Contain and Extinguish) upon encountering a fire. Use PASS (Pull, Aim, Squeeze and Sweep) when using a fire extinguisher PIPETTING COMMON ERRORS IN HANDLING PIPETTES DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPPETE Using uncalibrated micropipettes Using contaminated solution or contaminated tips 1.TRANSFER PIPETTES/PASTEUR PIPETTES Aspirating too quickly Used to transfer small quantities of liquid Pipetting an angle can cause volume variation Usually disposable 2. SEROLOGICAL PIPETTES Plain, narrow tube which extends to a tip and graduates uniformly along its length MENISCUS 3. VOLUMETRIC PIPETTES LOWER MENISCUS Offer very accurate volume measurement of a solution Presence of a large bulb with a long narrow portion If the solution has a U curve at the surface, then the meniscus is a lower meniscus. Colorless fluids will have a lower meniscus UPPER MENISCUS If it is an inverse U curve, then it is an upper meniscus. Upper meniscus is most common in colored fluids and mercury. 4. AUTOMATIC PIPETTES/MICROPIPETTE Used to measure small amounts of liquids with a volume range between 1 and 1000uL More precise and accurate