Health Benefits of Physical Activity PDF

Unit Two Health Benefit of Physical Activity 2.1. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HYPOKINETIC CONDITIONS Hypokinetic conditions are:  Related to physical inactivity  Low level of habitual inactivity  Are used to describe many disease or  Describe conditions related to inactivity/ poor fitness  Hypoki...

Unit Two Health Benefit of Physical Activity 2.1. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HYPOKINETIC CONDITIONS Hypokinetic conditions are:  Related to physical inactivity  Low level of habitual inactivity  Are used to describe many disease or  Describe conditions related to inactivity/ poor fitness  Hypokinetic Disease are a disease that came from lack of physical activity.  Unit Two Health Benefit of Physical Activity 2.1. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HYPOKINETIC CONDITIONS Hypokinetic conditions are:  Related to physical inactivity  Low level of habitual inactivity  Are used to describe many disease or  Describe conditions related to inactivity/ poor fitness  Hypokinetic Disease are a disease that came from lack of physical activity. CONT… Such as: Cardio vascular Disease (CVD) Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Hypertension ( HBP) Diabetes mellitus  Nerve Disease Cancer Disease Over fatness and etc  PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY  Physical activity is an activity  Is energy expenditure for an activity of daily life as cleaning house, washing clothes, walking, travelling work, lifting something and etc.  Physical activity is lower risk of hypokinetic conditions  Human body is designed for movement and strenuous physical activity,  Exercise is not a part of the average lifestyle. Cont… Benefits of physical activity  It helps to Weight loss  Weight maintenance  Prevention of weight loss  Prevention of unsuccessful  It improve cognitive function  It increase bone density  It improve quality of sleep  PHYSICAL INACTIVITY  Physical inactivity is lack of physical exercise.  Has led to a increase in chronic diseases.  Physical inactivity is the most important public health problem in the 21st century.  Each year at least 1.9 million people die as a result of physical inactivity.  Is the poor habitual activity CONT… Data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (2009) indicated that low cardiorespiratory fitness accounts for substantially more deaths (16%) compared to other risk factors  Obesity 2–3%  Smoking 8–10%  High cholesterol 2–4%  Diabetes 2–4% and  Hypertension 8–16%).  CONT… Individuals who do not exercise regularly are at a greater risk for developing chronic diseases. such as:  Coronary heart disease (CHD),  Hypertension,  Hypercholesterolemia,  Cancer,  Obesity, and  Musculoskeletal disorders Figure 1.1 Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation.  2.2. Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Diseases According to WHO, 2011 CVD caused: o 17.3 million deaths (30%) worldwide in 2008, o More than 26 million deaths by 2030. o More than 80% of those cardiovascular deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries.  2.2.1 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)  Globally, CHD more deaths than any other disease, with more than 7.6 million people dying from it in 2005 (WHO 2007).  Coronary Heart Disease is caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle.  Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: Epidemiological research indicates that many factors are associated with the risk of CHD. CONT… The positive risk factors for CHD are: Age, Family History, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Tobacco use, Diabetes Mellitus or Pre diabetes, Overweight and Obesity, and Physical Inactivity. CONT… Physical Activity and Coronary Heart: Disease Approximately 6% of CHD deaths worldwide Because of lack of physical activity (WHO, 2010). Physically active people have lower incidences of CHD. Leading a physically active lifestyle may prevent 20% to 35% of cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity exerts its effect independently or free from smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, and family history of CHD.  2.2.2 Hypertension  Hypertension is known as high blood pressure  Is medical blood pressure, that is higher than normal blood pressure  Is a chronic  HBP is clinically defined in two ways 1. Systolic pressure and 2. Diastolic pressure  A systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg and  A diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg. CONT…  Individuals taking antihypertensive medicine also have this diagnosis.  Prehypertension used to describe individuals with a systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmHg, a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmHg, or both.  A clear link exists between hypertension and cardiovascular disease. CONT… WHO (2011) identified Hypertension as the leading cardiovascular risk factor, Attributing 13% of deaths worldwide to high blood pressure. Hypertension is also the primary risk factor for all types of stroke. About 15% to 40% of the global adult population has hypertension. Regular physical activity prevents hypertension and lowers blood pressure in younger and older adults who are normotensive, prehypertensive, or hypertensive.  Exercise Prescription for Individual with Hypertension Exercise Prescription for Individuals with Hypertension (ACSM, 2013) Mode: Primarily endurance activities supplemented by resistance exercises Intensity: Moderate-intensity endurance (40–60% VO2R)* and resistance training (60–80% 1-RM) Duration: 30–60 min or more of continuous or accumulated aerobic physical activity per day, and a minimum of one set (8–12 reps) of resistance training exercises for each major muscle group. Frequency: Most, preferably all, days of the week for aerobic exercise; 2 or 3 days/wk for resistance raining. *VO2R is the difference between the maximum and the resting rate of oxygen consumption. 2.2.3 Hyper-cholesterolemia and Dyslipidemia Hypercholesterolemia  is an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) in the blood,  is associated with increased risk for CVD.  Hypercholesterolemia is also referred to as hyperlipidemia,  which is an increase in blood lipid levels CONT…  Dyslipidemia refers to an abnormal blood lipid profile.  Approximately, 18% of strokes and 56% of heart attacks are caused by high blood cholesterol (WHO, 2002).  Age, gender, family history, alcohol, smoking are risk factors for hypercholesterolemia  Regular activity reduced the chance of getting hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. CONT… High Density of Lipoproteins (HDLs), LDLs, and TC:  Cholesterol is a waxy, fat.  Is a substance found in all animal products  Example: meats, dairy products, and eggs.  The body can make cholesterol in the liver and  It absorb it from the diet. CONT… Benefits of cholesterol in to the body  It is used to build cell membranes,  To produce sex hormones, and  To form bile acids necessary for fat digestion.  Lipoproteins are an essential part of the complex transport system.  That exchanges lipids among the liver, intestine, and peripheral tissues. CONT… There are four types of Lipoproteins 1. Triglycerides (TG) 2. Very low-density of Lipoproteins (VLDL) 3. Low Density of Lipoprotein (LDL) 4. High Density of Lipoprotein (HDL) CONT… Physical Activity and Lipid Profiles:  Regular physical activity,  Aerobic exercise, positively affects lipid metabolism and lipid profiles.  Cross-sectional relationship of lipid profiles in physically active and sedentary women and men suggest that physical fitness is inversely related to TC and the TC/HDL-C ratio (Shoenhair and Wells 1995).  2.2.4 Diabetes Mellitus  Diabetes is a global epidemic.  More than 346 million people worldwide have the disease (WHO, 2011).  At least 65% of people with diabetes mellitus die from some form of heart or blood vessel disease (AHA, 2008).  Factors linked to this epidemic include: 1. Urbanization, 2. Aging, 3. Physical Inactivity, 4. Unhealthy Diet, And 5. Obesity. CONT…  Diabetes:  is a major contributor toward the development of CHD and stroke.  It is among the leading causes of kidney failure;  10% to 20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure (WHO, 2008).  Pre diabetes:  is a positive risk factor for CVD,  is a medic-al condition identified by fasting blood glucose or  Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels  Pre diabetes appears to respond positively to weight loss and increases in physical activity.  Types of Diabetes Mellitus There are two categories of diabetes Type 1 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) and Type 2 non Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)  Type 1 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)  Is usually occurs before age 30 but can develop at any age. It may be caused by:  autoimmune,  genetic, or  environmental factors,  But the specific cause is unknown.  Unfortunately, there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes (CDC, 2011). CONT…  Type 2 non-Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)  90% of individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus worldwide have type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2011).  Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes o Age, o Gender, o Family history, o Calorie intake, o Physical inactivity.  Healthy nutrition and increased physical activity, can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by as much as 67% in high-risk individuals  CONT…  Healthy nutrition and increased physical activity,  can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by as much as 67% in high-risk individuals  Nearly 90% of cases of type 2 diabetes worldwide may be related to obesity (Wagner and Brath 2012).  Type 2 diabetes is not well researched.  However, exercise (30–120 min, 3 days/wk for 8 wk) produced clinically significant improvements in HbA1c and reduced visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue stores in people with type 2 diabetes.  2.2.5 Obesity and Overweight – Overweight and obesity:  Defined as having abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may damage health.  Overweight and obesity ranks as the fifth leading risk factor for death worldwide (WHO, 2012).  Globally, more than 1 in every 10 adults is obese (WHO, 2012).  Originally overweight and obesity were considered to be problems of high-income countries;  now, these conditions are increase in the low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2012).  CONT… The WHO (2012) reported that Nearly, 35 million of children living with overweight in developing countries. In developed countries, approximately 8 million children are overweight. The major factors associated with increased risk of obesity. – Age, – gender, – family history, – cholesterol intake, and – physical inactivity are  CONT… Obese individuals have a shorter life expectancy and greater risks of: – CHD, – Stroke, – Dyslipidemia, – Hypertension, – Diabetes mellitus, – Certain cancers, – Osteoarthritis, – Sleep apnea, – Abnormal menses, and – Infertility (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2012).  CONT…  Although obesity is strongly associated with CHD risk factors such as:  Hypertension,  Glucose intolerance, and  Hyperlipidemia, Adult overweight and obesity are classified using the body mass index(BMI) (BMI = weight [kg] / height squared [m2]). BMI is used to identify and classify individuals as overweight or obese. Individuals with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2 are classified as overweight; those with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more are classified as obese.  Metabolic Syndrome Refers to a combination of CVD risk factors associated with  hypertension,  dyslipidemia,  insulin resistance, and  abdominal obesity. According to clinical criteria adopted by the National Cholesterol Education Program (2001), Individuals with three or more CVD risk factors are classified as having metabolic syndrome. Age and BMI directly relate to metabolic syndrome.  CONT… Lifestyle must be modified in order to manage metabolic syndrome. The combination of healthy nutrition and increased physical activity is an effective way to increase HDL- C and to reduce blood pressure, To reduce body weight, To reduce triglycerides, and To reduce blood glucose levels. “The first wealth is health."