Chapter Eight Cell Function Practice Test PDF

8.1 Life Is Cellular What are the main points of cell theory? A. All living things come from cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. C. New cells are produced from existing cells. How do microscopes work? A. Using several glass lenses in combinat...

8.1 Life Is Cellular What are the main points of cell theory? A. All living things come from cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. C. New cells are produced from existing cells. How do microscopes work? A. Using several glass lenses in combination could magnify the smallest objects. How did Hooke's work contribute to cell theory? A. Hooke saw the cork seemed to be made of thousands of tiny empty chambers, he later called them cells. What does it mean if a micrograph is false colored? It means that the object has color created by the computer since electron microscopes really see in black and white. It also makes certain structures stand out. What are the defining characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler when compared to eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not enclose their genetic material within a nucleus. In eukaryotic cells the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell. What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells? Protists,plants animals and fungi. German scientist Shlieden and Schwann determined that the basic unit of structure and function in living things is called the A. Atom B. Molecule C. Cell D. Nucleus C What is the basic concept of biology that includes the idea that new cells can be produced only by the division of existing cells? The concept is the Cell theory If you wanted to observe the detailed structure of a mitochondrion, which type of microscope would you use? The two types of microscopy used for viewing mitochondrial form within cells are light microscopes. 8.2 Cell Structure What is the role of the cell nucleus? A. The nucleus contains nearly all the cells DNA and the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules What organelles help make and transport proteins and other macromolecules? A. the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus Does the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the smooth endoplasmic reticulum send proteins on to the Golgi Apparatus? The rough endoplasmic reticulum. Compare the role of vacuoles and lysosomes in a cell. A. Vacuoles store materials such as water salts, proteins and carbohydrates. Lysosomes break down the lipids carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Describe the steps making packaging and exporting a protein from a cell? 1. Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes. 2. Proteins targeted for export to the cell membrane or to the specialized locations within the cell complete their assembly on ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Newly assembled proteins are carried from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles. 4. The Golgi apparatus further modifies proteins before sorting and packaging them in membrane bound vesicles. 5. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus are shipped to their final destination in or out of the cell, Explain why plant cells require both chloroplasts and mitochondria to meet their energy needs? Plant cells, chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy, and mitochondria consume the chemical energy to produce ATP. The optimal carbon fixation and plant growth require these two energy-transforming organelles to perform strictly coordinated actions. Proteins are assembled on A. Ribosomes B. Vacuoles C. Lysosomes D. Centriole A Ribosomes Why are mitochondria known as the power plants of the cell? A. Mitochondria are tiny organelles inside cells that are involved in releasing energy from food. This process is known as cellular respiration. It is for this reason that mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell What is the structure for a cellular control center? A. The nucleus is like the remote control center of the cell. It acts as the cell's brain by telling it what to do, how to grow, and when to reproduce. The nucleus is home to the  cell's genes. A membrane, a thin layer that allows chemicals to pass in and out to the rest of the cell, surrounds the nucleus. What is the structure for organelles that build proteins? A. the endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins. What is the structure for organelles that store, clean up and support. A. Vesicles. Vacuoles are large membrane-enclosed structures. The function of vacuoles is to store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates What is the structure for organelles that capture and release energy? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts help capture and release energy. All organisms need energy to survive. In eukaryotic organisms, the organelles that help organisms harness and generate useful forms of energy are the chloroplasts and mitochondria. What is the structure for Cellular boundaries? A. It maintains the integrity of a cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. All materials within a cell must have access to the cell membrane (the cell's boundary) for the needed exchange. The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules 8.3 Cell Transport How does passive transport work? A. In passive transport, substances simply move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, which does not require the input of energy. Concentration gradient, size of the particles that are diffusing, and temperature of the system affect the rate of diffusion. How does active transport work? A. During active transport, substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This process is “active” because it requires the use of energy (usually in the form of ATP). It is the opposite of passive transport What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? There is a distinction between the two in that in simple diffusion, molecules move without the assistance of membrane proteins, whereas in facilitated diffusion, membrane proteins assist molecules in their movement downward. Describe how molecules enter and leave a cell without the use of a cell's energy? Molecules can enter and leave a cell without the use of the cell's energy through passive transport mechanisms such as diffusion and osmosis. Facilitated diffusion, another passive transport mechanism, involves the movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins The relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that all organisms must maintain in order to survive are called A. Osmosis B. Endocytosis C. Homeostasis D. Exocytosis C. Homeostasis Explain hypertonic and hypotonic and isotonic. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink. In an isotonic environment, there is no net water movement, so there is no change in the size of the cell. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell. Explain why cells are almost always hypertonic to freshwater. Because the cell is filled with salts, sugars, proteins, and other molecules, it is almost always hypertonic to fresh water. So if a cell is in fresh water, water tends to move quickly into the cell, causing it to swell or even burst 8.4 Homeostasis and Cells How do unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis? To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce. The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis. How do the cells of a multicellular organism work together to maintain homeostasis? The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis. The specialized cells of multicellular organisms are organized into tissues, then into organs, and finally into organ systems. How does the specialization of cells contribute to maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms? The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis. The specialized cells of multicellular organisms are organized into tissues, then into organs, and finally into organ Describe the levels of organization in a multicellular organism. cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. Organ systems work together to carry out the many functions of the organism By what general means do cells in a multicellular organism communicate? Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space. There, they can float – like messages in a bottle – over to neighboring cells Topic 5 Intro to Cell All living things are made of what? (except viruses) Cells Micrometer is 1000th T/F True Example of Prokaryotic (Think small simple) Bacteria Example of Eukaryotic (Think big +Complex) Animal Ribosomes are in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells T/F True Test Question Why do we use the metric system? Because it is internationally used, in multiples of 10, to convert you move the decimal. Why are animal cells hard to study? Because it’s hard to see where they start and end. Anything that contracts without thinking is called what? Smooth Cell What is a cell wall? Rigid wall lying outside the cell membrane Is chloroplast and cell wall in a plant, animal, or both? Plant cell Centriole is plants and animals T/F False it’s only in animals Topic 7 Osmosis The air is made of ______ that are constantly _______ and _________ themselves. Atoms moving and mixing Test Question Diffusion is what? The movement of air molecules. Cytoplasm means cell goo T/F True Test Question Heterogenous mixture is liquid and anything _______ Floating Test Question Ribosomes are found in only Eukaryotic cells T/F False are found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Explain a nucleolus. Makes ribosomes. Does smooth endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes or none? No ribosomes Does rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes or none? Has ribosomes Organelles occur in quadruplets T/F False they appear in pairs Describe Cilia Small pairs that aid in locomotion and feeding. Describe Flagella Long tail-like thing that aids in locomotion. What did a cell look like in Darwin’s day A glob of goo A cell can’t come from ________ without being ___________ Nothing without being designed.