Human Anatomy: Chapter 9 - Joints PDF

Human Anatomy Sixth Edition...

Human Anatomy Sixth Edition Kenneth S. Saladin Chapter 9 The Skeletal System IV: Joints ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Joints Joint (articulation) – point where two bones meet Arthrology – study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction Biomechanics – study of movements and mechanics in body Kinesiology – study of musculoskeletal movement 9-2 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Joint Types 9-3 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Bony Joints § Synostosis joints § Immovable § Two bones ossified together § Fusion of what was originally fibrous or cartilaginous joint § Occurs in infancy (for example, mandibular bones) through old age (for example, first rib to sternum) 9-4 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Fibrous Joints § Synarthrosis or synarthrodial joints § Collagen fibers bind adjacent bones § Little to no movement § Three types: 1. Sutures 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses 9-5 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  1. Sutures § Immobile or slightly movable joints of skull bones § Classifications. § Serrate: interlocked. § Lap (squamous): overlapped § Plane (butt): straight, Figure 9.2 nonoverlapped 9-6 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  2. Gomphoses § Tooth to socket § Held in place by periodontal ligaments § Slight movement under stress of chewing Figure 9.1b 9-7 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  3. Syndesmoses § Long collagen fibers bind two bones. § Ulna-radius and tibia-fibula. Figure 9.1c 9-8 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Cartilaginous Joints § Amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial joints. § Two types: 1. Synchondroses § Hyaline (costal) cartilage § Epiphyseal plate 2. Symphyses § Fibrocartilage § Pubic symphysis § Intervertebral discs 9-9 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Synovial Joints § Diarthrosis or diarthrodial joints § Varied mobility: freely movable to limited mobility § Most structurally complex § Most likely to develop dysfunctions 9-10 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  General Anatomy of Synovial Joints § Articular cartilage § Covers facing surfaces of bones § Hyaline cartilage § Joint capsule § Encloses joint cavity – narrow fluid-filled space § Outer fibrous capsule § Inner synovial membrane § Produces synovial fluid – lubricant resembling raw egg whites 9-11 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  General Anatomy of Synovial Joints § Some joints contain fibrocartilage padding. § Articular discs (for example, jaw) § Menisci of knee § Tendons – muscle to bone § Ligaments – bone to bone § Bursa § Sac of synovial fluid. § Between adjacent muscles, bone, and skin, or tendons passing over bone. § Tendon sheath – elongated bursa. 9-12 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Classes of Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket Plane (gliding) § Multiaxial(>2) § Biaxial(2) Condylar (ellipsoid) Hinge § Biaxial(2) § Monoaxial(1) Saddle Pivot § Biaxial(2) § Monoaxial(1) 9-13 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  The Six Types of Synovial Joints Figure 9.6 9-14 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Movements of Synovial Joints Flexion – decreases joint angle. Extension – straightens joint angle. Figure 9.7 a, b, c, d 9-15 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of Synovial Joints Figure 9.8 a, b Abduction – moves Adduction – moves away from midline. toward midline. 9-16 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of Synovial Joints Figure 9.9 a, b Elevation – raises Depression – lowers body part. body part. 9-17 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of Synovial Joints Figure 9.10 Protraction – anterior Retraction – posterior movement. movement. 9-18 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of Synovial Joints Figure 9.11 Circumduction – distal end of limb makes circle while proximal end is stationary. Rotation – bone spins on its long axis. External rotation: anterior surface spins away from midline Medial rotation: anterior surface spins toward Figure 9.12b midline 9-19 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of Synovial Joints Supination – moves palm to face anteriorly. Radius and ulna become parallel. Pronation – moves palm to face posteriorly. Radius crosses ulna. Figure 9.13 a, b 9-20 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of the Head and Trunk Figure 9.14 a, b, c, d, e 9-21 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of the Mandible Figure 9.15 a, b, c, d 9-22 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of the Hand and Fingers Figure 9.16 a, b, c, d, e 9-23 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  Movements of the Foot Figure 9.17 a, b, c Dorsiflexion – foot elevates at Inversion – soles face ankle. medially. Plantar flexion – foot points Eversion – soles face laterally. down at ankle. 9-24 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Timothy L. Vacula, photographer  The Jaw Joint Temporomandibular joint (TMJ). § Mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone § Lateral ligament 9-25 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  The Shoulder Joint § Glenohumeral joint § Glenoid labrum – ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket § Four ligaments § Acromioclavicular § Coracoacromial § Coracoclavicular § Coracohumeral 9-26 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  The Elbow Joint § Two articulations: humeroulnar and humeroradial § Functions as a hinge and pivot joint § Stabilized by radial collateral and ulnar collateral ligaments § Proximal radioulnar joint is stabilized by anular ligament. 9-27 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  The Hip Joint § Coxal joint § Acetabular labrum – fibrocartilage that deepens socket § Round ligament attaches to fovea capitis § Branch of femoral artery runs through § Ligaments. § Iliofemoral § Pubofemoral § Ischiofemoral § Round ligament 9-28 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  The Knee Joint § Femorotibial joint § Functions as a hinge joint § Have lateral and medial menisci for padding § Four important ligaments § Fibular collateral and tibial collateral § Anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate 9-29 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  The Ankle Joint § Talocrural joint § Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments § Medial multipart (deltoid) ligament § Lateral multipart ligament § Posterior talofibular § Calcaneofibular* § Anterior talofibular* § Calcaneal (Achilles) *most commonly sprained ligaments! tendon 9-30 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Review of the Principal Joints TABLE 9.2 Review of the Principal Diarthroses Joint Major Anatomical Features and Actions Jaw joint (fig. 9.18) Type: condylar, hinge, and plane Movements: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, lateral and medial excursion Articulation: condyle of mandible, mandibular fossa of temporal bone Ligaments: lateral, sphenomandibular Cartilage: articular disc Shoulder joint (fig. 9.19) Type: ball-and-socket Movements: adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation Articulation: head of humerus, glenoid fossa of scapula Ligaments: coracohumeral, transverse humeral, three glenohumerals Tendons: rotator cuff (tendons of subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor), tendon of biceps brachii Bursae: subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid, subscapular Cartilage: glenoid labrum Elbow joint (fig. 9.20) Type: hinge and pivot Movements: flexion, extension, pronation, supination, rotation Articulations: humeroulnar—trochlea of humerus, trochlear notch of ulna; humeroradial—capitulum of humerus, head of radius; radioulnar—head of radius, radial notch of ulna Ligaments: radial collateral, ulnar collateral, anular Bursa: olecranon 9-31 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Review of the Principal Joints TABLE 9.2 Review of the Principal Diarthroses, continued Joint Major Anatomical Features and Actions Hip joint (fig. 9.22) Type: ball-and-socket Movements: adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation Articulation: head of femur, acetabulum of hip bone Ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres, transverse acetabular Cartilage: acetabular labrum Knee joint (fig. 9.23) Type: primarily hinge Movements: flexion, extension, slight rotation Articulation: tibiofemoral, patellofemoral Ligaments: anterior—lateral patellar retinaculum, medial patellar retinaculum; popliteal intracapsular—anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate; popliteal extracapsular—oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal, lateral collateral, medial collateral Bursae: anterior—superficial infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar, deep infrapatellar; popliteal—popliteal, semimembranosus; medial and lateral—seven other bursae not named in this chapter Cartilages: lateral meniscus, medial meniscus (connected by transverse ligament) Ankle joint (fig. 9.26) Type: hinge Movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, extension Articulations: tibia-talus, fibula-talus, tibia-fibula Ligaments: anterior and posterior tibiofibular, deltoid, lateral collateral Tendon: calcaneal (Achilles) 9-32 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Arthritis Arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). § Inflammation of joint. § Autoimmune disease. § Most common crippling § Attacks the synovial disorder in U.S. membrane. Osteoarthritis (OA). § Ossification of degenerated § Most common form of cartilage. arthritis. § Bones become solidly fused. § “Wear-and-tear”. § Ankylosis § Crepitus – crunching and § Immobilization. cracking sounds of joints. § No cure. § Affects 85% over age 70. 9-33 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Figure 9.27 a, b 9-34 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education a) ©chaowalit407/Getty Images, (b) ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source  Joint Prostheses Arthroplasty. § Replacement of diseased joint. § Artificial device. Total hip replacement (THR). § First performed 1963. § Most common procedure for elderly. Porous-coated prostheses. § Infiltrated with patient’s bone. § Creates firmer bond. Figure 9.28 a, b 9-35 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©Samrith Na Lumpoon/Shutterstock, (b) ©DIOMEDIA/Medical Images RM/Ron Mensching  End of Chapter 9 9-36 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education