Fundamentals of Management, 11e (Robbins) PDF

Fundamentals of Management, 11e (Robbins) Chapter 8 Managing Change and Innovation 1) Change can't be eliminated, so managers must learn to ________ successfully. A) avoid it B) ignore it C) work around it D) manage it 2) Which one of the following is an example of a structural organizational chan...

Fundamentals of Management, 11e (Robbins) Chapter 8 Managing Change and Innovation 1) Change can't be eliminated, so managers must learn to ________ successfully. A) avoid it B) ignore it C) work around it D) manage it 2) Which one of the following is an example of a structural organizational change? A) changing employee attitudes B) changing work practices C) purchasing new work equipment D) changing managerial span of control 3) Which one of the following is an example of a technology change within an organization? A) forming teams to complete tasks B) workers using new software C) workers wanting to telecommute D) workers wanting flexible hours 4) Which one of the following is an organizational "people change?" A) work methods that people use B) authority relationships between people C) attitudes that people have D) job redesign 5) Which one of the following is an organizational structure change? A) the building of a new workshop B) resentment of bosses by employees C) a new way to package chocolate cake D) changing who reports to whom 6) Which one of the following is an organizational technology change? A) purchase of a new backhoe B) employees expecting a raise C) employees accepting a new schedule D) widening of span of control 7) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is an example of which one of the following forms of environmental change? A) internal B) technology C) government laws and regulations D) labor markets 1 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 8) Falling interest rates are an example of what kind of external force that causes a company to need to make an organizational change? A) marketplace competition forces B) government laws and regulations C) labor market forces D) economic forces 9) Which one of the following is an internal force that can cause a company to make an organizational change? A) a new ad campaign B) new safety requirements C) a new rival company D) new pollution laws 10) Which one of the following is an external force that would cause a company to make an organizational change? A) an organization-wide restructuring B) the naming of a new CEO C) a widening span of control for managers D) a booming economy 11) To compete with rival company X, company Y changes its management structure. This is an example of ________. A) an internal change causing an external change B) an internal change causing another internal change C) an external change causing another external change D) an external change causing an internal change 12) After a thorough company-wide self-examination, company Y decides to set up work teams. This is an example of ________. A) an internal change causing an external change B) an internal change causing another internal change C) an external change causing another external change D) an external change causing an internal change 13) A company's workers asking to be able to celebrate Mexican holidays is an example of ________ force for change. A) an external workforce composition B) an internal workforce composition C) an external tactic D) an internal strategy 2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 14) Labor strikes are an example of what change factor that may encourage a change in management thinking and practices? A) workforce composition B) equipment C) employee attitude D) strategy 15) In organizations, people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process are called ________. A) managers B) change agents C) change managers D) nonmanagerial employees 16) Outside consultants generally try to initiate ________ changes than internal managers. A) more drastic B) less drastic C) more cautious D) fewer 17) The "calm waters" metaphor envisions an organization as ________. A) a large ship on a roiling sea B) a large ship on a calm sea C) a small raft on a calm sea D) a small raft on a roiling sea 18) The "white-water rapids" metaphor envisions an organization as ________. A) a large ship on a roiling sea B) a large ship on a calm sea C) a small raft on a calm river D) a small raft on a raging river 19) The "white-water rapids" metaphor sees change as ________. A) an occasional occurrence B) the natural state of things C) an unpleasant interruption of the normal calm D) something that must be eliminated 20) Kurt Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor sees change as ________. A) an unusual event B) an everyday event C) unfortunate D) avoidable 3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 21) The first step in Lewin's three-step description of the change process involves ________. A) freezing the new state B) changing to a new state C) unfreezing the status quo D) changing to a new status quo 22) The final step in Lewin's three-step description of the change process is ________. A) freezing the new state B) unfreezing the status quo C) changing to a new state D) unfreezing the new state 23) According to Lewin, which one of the following is a force that might overcome inertia and unfreeze the status quo? A) increase restraining forces B) maintain restraining forces C) decrease driving forces D) increase driving forces 24) According to Lewin, which one of the following is the objective of refreezing? A) to stabilize the new situation B) to promote movement away from existing equilibrium C) to eliminate the need for future change D) to direct behavior away from the status quo 25) According to Lewin, which one of the following is the best way to unfreeze the status quo? A) increase restraining forces B) decrease restraining forces and increase driving forces C) decrease driving forces D) increase restraining forces and increase driving forces 26) The goal in Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor is ________. A) to change the current equilibrium state B) to reach a state of constant change C) to eliminate the equilibrium state D) to establish a new equilibrium state 27) Today, Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor is increasingly thought to be ________. A) illogical B) an apt description of the current situation C) a blueprint for the future D) obsolete 4 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 28) Which phenomenon in today's business climate has made the "white-water rapids" metaphor popular? A) reduced competition B) corporations that are too powerful C) organizations that resist change D) constant and chaotic change 29) Writing laws to reward industries to reduce carbon emissions in an effort to combat global climate change can be best described as an example of which one of the following? A) unfreezing the status quo B) freezing a change into place C) implementing change D) refreezing the status quo 30) Kurt Lewin originated some of his most important group dynamics ideas by studying which one of the following? A) family vacations during World War I B) force fields in physics C) how football has blocking and driving forces D) family food habits during World War II 31) Lewin's force field analysis identified ________ forces that compete when people try to achieve a goal. A) physical push-and-pull B) driving and blocking C) enormous D) magnetic 32) In terms of change, Lewin's force field analysis might see ________ as a driving force. A) fear of change B) inertia C) reward for change D) difficulty of change 33) Signing up for a college course that varies in length from 2 to 30 weeks with classes that last from 20 minutes to 3 hours is an example of which metaphor of change? A) three-step model B) calm-waters C) white-water rapids D) force-field 34) Organization development (OD) helps employees ________. A) deal with planned change B) deal with unplanned change C) avoid unpleasant change D) avoid all types of change 5 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 35) Organization development can be viewed as an attempt to change an organization's ________. A) structure B) financial goals C) culture D) status 36) The most popular OD efforts involve cooperation and these kinds of activities. A) individual interactions B) group interactions C) group assessment D) individual assessment 37) Which one of the following is NOT a common method of organization development (OD)? A) team-building B) process consultation C) positive feedback D) survey feedback 38) In process consultation, ________ observe and analyze an organization to find ways to improve interpersonal processes. A) outside consultants B) top-level managers C) ordinary employees D) company efficiency specialists 39) The primary goal of the OD method called teambuilding is to ________. A) increase efficiency B) increase trust and openness C) identify troublemakers D) play games such as volleyball to build morale 40) Organizational change can be any alteration in an organization's people, structure, or technology. Answer: TRUE 41) Change is something that managers strive to eliminate completely. Answer: FALSE 42) An example of a change in structure is an organization becoming more decentralized. Answer: TRUE 43) A company changing its computer operating system would not be an example of a technology change because no new technological equipment was used. Answer: FALSE 6 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 44) Ongoing changes like software updates are not considered changes in technology because they are changes that are planned and expected. Answer: FALSE 45) An example of changes in people would involve a manager widening her span of control. Answer: FALSE 46) An aggressive new competitor in the marketplace is an external force that creates a need for organizational change that companies frequently face today. Answer: TRUE 47) New online advertising technology is an external force that creates a need for organizational change when it causes a company to change its advertising strategy. Answer: TRUE 48) Labor markets are an internal force that creates a need for organizational change. Answer: FALSE 49) The decision of an organization to bring in new equipment from the outside is an example of an external force that creates a need for organizational change. Answer: FALSE 50) In an organization, only a manager can be a change agent. Answer: FALSE 51) Consultants are less likely to be change agents than internal managers. Answer: FALSE 52) The "calm waters" metaphor imagines the organization as a large ship crossing a calm sea. Answer: TRUE 53) Kurt Lewin sees the first step in change as the freezing of the status quo. Answer: FALSE 54) In Lewin's view, the only way to effect change is to increase the driving forces that direct change away from the status quo. Answer: FALSE 55) The main idea of the "white-water rapids" metaphor is that change is always destructive. Answer: FALSE 56) In the "white-water rapids" metaphor of change, managers should expect change at any time, and it may last for unspecified lengths of time. Answer: TRUE 57) The number of managers who face "white-water rapids" metaphor conditions is getting smaller. Answer: FALSE 7 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 58) Organization development (OD) consists of efforts to help organization members deal with unplanned changes. Answer: FALSE 59) One important reason why organization development efforts are needed is that even planned change can be very upsetting to members of an organization. Answer: TRUE 67) Which one of the following is a term borrowed from the physical sciences that accurately describes people's resistance to change? A) energy B) uncertainty C) inertia D) momentum 68) Uncertainty causes people to resist change because it ________. A) replaces the unknown with the known B) replaces the known with the unknown C) increases performance expectations of an employee D) decreases performance expectations of people 69) Which one of the following is NOT a common reason that people resist change? A) habit B) uncertainty C) concern over personal loss D) overconfidence 70) Older workers tend to resist change more than younger workers because they ________. A) have less invested in the current system B) have more invested in the current system C) have confidence in themselves D) have less to lose 71) Workers seem to reject a simple new manufacturing method that has been shown to increase company sales because they say, "That is not the way we do things around here." These workers are most likely to be resisting change due to which one of the following? A) uncertainty B) habit C) conflicts with company goals D) fear of the unknown 72) Which kind of resistance to change is most likely to be beneficial to a company? A) conflict with company goals B) uncertainty C) habit D) fear of losing status or possessions 8 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 73) Employees at a company that emphasizes its personalized customer service protest a change that allows an automatic answering system to answer phone inquiries, claiming that the company is becoming "depersonalized." They are most likely resisting change due to ________. A) uncertainty B) habit C) conflicts with company goals D) fear of losing status 74) Workers in a company are complaining about a new employee evaluation system. Which kind of resistance to change are they demonstrating? A) resistance out of habit B) resistance because of uncertainty C) resistance to protect company goals D) resistance to protect market share 75) Managers typically implement programs to reduce resistance to change when employees ________ in some way. A) become uncomfortable B) are challenged C) become self-satisfied D) become dysfunctional 76) A technique that helps employees deal with change that appeals to their sense of logic is ________. A) manipulation B) education and communication C) coercion or threats to employees D) co-optation 77) A technique that helps employees deal with change that includes them in the decision- making process is ________. A) education and communication B) negotiation C) participation D) coercion 78) If several efforts between a manager and an employee for reducing resistance to change fail to allay employee fears, a manager might take him- or herself out of the process and try this. A) facilitation and support B) negotiation between parties C) manipulation D) participation 9 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 79) When an entire workforce threatens to go on strike to protest a work change, managers might try this method of reducing resistance to change. A) education and communication B) participation C) facilitation and support D) negotiation 80) When managers threaten to fire workers unless they agree to go along with new company policies, they are using which one of the following? A) negotiation B) coercion C) manipulation D) education and communication 81) Which method of reducing resistance to change is most likely to backfire on the manager who uses it? A) education and communication B) negotiation C) participation D) manipulation 82) When a manager attempts to covertly influence others by distorting the facts, he is using which one of the following methods of reducing resistance to change? A) manipulation B) education C) coercion D) negotiation 83) One reason people resist change is that it goes against our habits. Answer: TRUE 84) Change threatens the investment you've already made in the status quo. Answer: TRUE 85) Negotiation twists and distorts facts to reduce resistance to change. Answer: FALSE 86) Education is a good way to overcome resistance to change due to misinformation. Answer: TRUE 87) A manager who twists facts to make change seem less disruptive is using the technique of coercion. Answer: FALSE 88) A manager who mentions that supervisors might lose their jobs if they don't go along with a change is using the technique of coercion. Answer: TRUE 10 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 89) Allowing employees to participate in the change process is NOT a common way to deal with resistance to organizational change. Answer: FALSE 93) Stress in the workplace is an adverse reaction that people have in response to ________. A) lack of ambition B) demands, constraints, and opportunities C) having too much confidence in oneself D) too much ambition 94) An actor on stage getting "up" for a performance is an example of which one of the following? A) a negative aspect of stress B) a positive aspect of stress C) a condition not related to stress D) both a positive and a negative aspect of stress 95) Stress is most frequently associated with ________ only. A) demands and constraints B) opportunities and habits C) opportunities and fear D) demands and pressures 96) Which statement is correct? A) Stress is always bad. B) Stress can be bad or good. C) Stress is always good. D) Stress can never be good. 97) A constraint causes stress because it ________. A) helps you achieve your goal B) prevents you from achieving your goal C) helps you define your goal D) prevents you from defining your goal 98) Potential stress can become actual stress when the outcome of an event is uncertain and ________. A) not important to the individual B) hard for the individual to understand C) occurs on a regular basis D) important to the individual 11 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 99) Potential stress can become actual stress when the outcome of an event is both ________ and important to the individual. A) uncertain B) certain C) meaningful D) significant 100) In Japan, the term used to describe death from overwork is ________. A) rensei B) karoshi C) hanko D) buka 101) Which one of the following countries reports the highest level of employee stress? A) China B) India C) United Kingdom D) United States 102) This type of stress allows a person to perform at their highest levels during times when performance is important. A) dysfunctional B) behavioral C) functional D) psychological 103) Which type of demand is related to working conditions, such as having an office that is too loud or overcrowded? A) task demands B) role demands C) interpersonal demands D) organizational structure demands 104) Which one of the following is NOT a role demand that may cause stress for employees? A) role conflict B) cultural roles C) role overload D) role ambiguity 105) What percentage of millennial employees say that they are stressed more or all the time? A) about 67% B) about 50% C) about 30% D) about 15% 12 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 106) A baseball player in a slump who feels stress from trying to raise his batting average is experiencing ________ stress. A) task demand B) role demand C) role conflict D) interpersonal 107) A light-hitting baseball player who is suddenly asked to be a power hitter and hit home runs would be likely to experience ________ stress. A) role overload B) role demand C) role conflict D) role ambiguity 108) A head football coach who tries to coach every phase of the team—offense, defense, and special teams—rather than delegate authority is likely to suffer from ________. A) task demand B) interpersonal demand C) role conflict D) role overload 109) Which one of the following might reduce a sense of task demand stress for a worker? A) overcrowded conditions B) uncomfortably high temperatures in the workplace C) autonomy in the workplace D) close monitoring by her supervisor 110) Which one of the following might be a source of stress for an employee who is very happy with her job with respect to the tasks she performs, what is expected from her, and how she is supervised? A) task demands B) role overload C) interpersonal demands D) organizational leadership 111) Anika loves being a professional dancer, but she feels stress from the tension-packed, high- pressure, fear-filled demands of helping motivate members of her group. She is likely to be experiencing stress from ________. A) too much autonomy B) organizational leadership C) role overload D) role ambiguity 112) George constantly strives to excel. He must always get the highest grade in the class and 13 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. has a sense of urgency about him at all times. George probably has which one of the following? A) Type A personality B) Type B personality C) both Type A and Type B personalities D) neither Type A nor Type B personality 113) Mio is a very relaxed, easygoing person who appears to have all the time in the world. She is never too busy to stop and chat for a moment. Mio has which one of the following? A) Type A personality B) Type B personality C) both Type A and Type B personalities D) neither Type A nor Type B personality 114) A key to dealing with stress is to recognize that all stress ________. A) leads to dysfunctional work behavior B) can be eliminated from an employee's life C) cannot be eliminated from an employee's life D) originates on the job 115) To reduce stress, managers need to make sure that employees ________. A) have jobs that match their abilities B) maximize their productivity C) don't work too many hours D) don't work too few hours 116) Job redesigns are good ways to reduce stress that employees feel from ________. A) work overload or boredom B) work overload only C) boredom only D) boredom overload 117) Stress from an employee's personal life can best be helped by ________. A) job redesign B) MBO C) employee assistance programs D) performance planning programs 118) Studies show that ________ personalities show negative effects from stress. A) Type A B) Type B C) neither Type A nor Type B D) both Type A and Type B 14 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 119) What is the purpose of employee assistance programs (EAPs)? A) to help employees with their diets B) to help lower employee task demands C) to get employees back to being productive D) to help minorities cope with potential discrimination 120) Stress can arise from an opportunity. Answer: TRUE 121) Workplace stress in some countries has been linked to employee death. Answer: TRUE 122) Stress isn't always bad for an individual. Answer: TRUE 123) Working conditions, in general, do not influence stress. Answer: FALSE 124) An employee who feels pressure to keep pace with work quotas is experiencing task demand stress. Answer: TRUE 125) An employee who feels unsettled because he is not sure what his responsibilities are is experiencing role overload stress. Answer: FALSE 126) Role conflict is created when an employee does not feel confident that he or she can achieve his or her goals. Answer: TRUE 127) Type A personality people find it easy to relax. Answer: FALSE 128) Managers should aspire to eliminate all stress from the work environment. Answer: FALSE 129) An effective way to reduce workplace stress is to make sure that employees are appropriately matched to their jobs. Answer: TRUE 134) ________ refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between ideas. A) Innovation B) Imagination C) Creativity D) Open-minded thinking 15 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 135) ________ is the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into something useful. A) Innovation B) Imagination C) Creativity D) Inspiration 136) Some people believe that creativity is ________, while others think that creativity ________. A) quickly and easily learned; is slowly learned B) a genuine quality; does not really exist C) inborn; can be learned D) learned; is forgotten after childhood 137) The first step in creativity involves ________. A) making something useful B) seeing things from a unique perspective C) putting ideas together D) consolidating ideas 138) Which one of the following steps in the creativity process may take years before the idea finally "gels" and the next step occurs? A) perception B) incubation C) inspiration D) innovation 139) The moment when all prior efforts in the creativity process successfully come together is known as ________. A) perception B) incubation C) inspiration D) innovation 140) Using the systems model, managers can promote innovation by having the right ________. A) people and inputs B) people and environment C) outputs and resources D) mechanistic management structure 141) ________ variables are thought to promote innovation. A) Structural, cultural, and human resource B) Organic, cultural, and tolerant C) Structural, ambiguous, and tolerant D) Cultural, ambiguous, and tolerant 16 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 142) An innovative organization needs to tolerate ________ because creative ideas sometimes seem foolish at first. A) mismanagement B) the impractical C) conflict D) inefficiency 143) An innovative organization needs to tolerate risk because employees ________ the creative process. A) being in physical danger is part of B) being in physical danger is not part of C) making mistakes is not part of D) making mistakes is part of 144) Managers who want creative and innovative employees should ________. A) not place much emphasis on goals B) focus on means rather than ends C) focus on ends rather than means D) stress that there is only one path to a goal 145) ________ actively support innovation and every step of the process that leads to innovative ideas. A) Idea champions B) Idea managers C) All managers D) Champion managers 146) All of the following are common personality characteristics of idea champions EXCEPT ________. A) extremely high self-confidence B) persistence C) energy D) risk aversion 147) Creativity is the ability to make unusual and meaningful associations between ideas. Answer: TRUE 148) Inspiration marks the first step in the creative process. Answer: FALSE 149) Organic organizations tend to inhibit innovation. Answer: FALSE 150) Time deadlines tend to increase innovation. Answer: FALSE 17 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 151) Idea champions tend to be risk takers. Answer: TRUE 154) Samll community libraries are facing ________ from electronic devices such as Kindle and online reading services. A) continuous innovation B) sustaining innovation C) creative inspiration D) disruptive innovation 155) Majico, Inc., has a small team that works in a separate building on projects tangentially related to the company's main mission. They self-govern and have access to ample resources, most of it off-budget. They are free from the bureaucratic restraints placed on the "official" workforce. This team comprises a ________. A) badger team B) skunk works C) creative response team D) sustaining innovation team 18 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.