Tourist Destination Planning & Management PDF

THE TOURIST DESTINATION Discuss factors that influence Define a tourist destination & Classify tourist destinations The chapter outcome...

THE TOURIST DESTINATION Discuss factors that influence Define a tourist destination & Classify tourist destinations The chapter outcome the development of a its activity domain based on size & location destination Explain how a primary attraction can transform an Explain the importance of List the characteristics of area into a tourist intergraded destination urban, rural & coastal tourist destination, & the role planning & management destinations diversification plays in this transformation Chapter outcome con… Describe Swarbrooke’s Discuss the main five phases of the characteristics of ‘Birth’ of a tourist Butle’s Tourist Area destination. Life Cycle phases Research & evaluate Discuss how to achieve the success of the & measure destination’s sustainability rejuvenation Introduction Are there ways to recognise a tourist destination? E.g. if you arrived in South Africa, how would you know it is a tourist destination? Would there be special signs to tell you that it is a tourist destination? One of the best ways to tell whether or not a place is a tourist destination is to see if accommodations are clustered close together, tourist buses, & tourists with cameras around their necks. However, there are also many other signs to show whether or not a place is a tourist destination. The characteristics of a tourist destination A tourist destination is an area of visitor appeal, which means that the primary attractions at the destination are capable of satisfying a tourist’s specific needs. A destination includes accommodation, attraction, and supporting services such as?.......... The following two characteristics clearly separate a tourism destination area from any other non-tourism space. Many beautiful natural areas with strong tourist appeal are not tourist destinations, as they do not provide accommodation, supporting services or managed attractions e.g. Sahara Derset A destination area of influence. There is also a tourism A destination’s area of resource base for future influence is a dynamic and This area of influence is destination development, evolving entity that also called a destination’s such as the destination’s includes not only the activity domain; rejuvenation or the tourism products offered additional activities are expansion & development at the destination but all offered as one-day of new primary the tourism resources excursions as part of the attractions as part of the available within a day’s current destination diversification of new return travel from the product mix. primary attractions as destination. part of the diversification of a mature destination. A destination area of influence…..conti A tourist destination also embraces a set of distinctive images and qualities that give it a brand identity, e.g., KNP. Destinations should be places with which tourism stakeholders have a natural affinity/sharing common purpose & within which it is practicable for them to work together. Typically, such a destination may be a city, seaside, mountain resort, or a sizeable rural area with an established identity. SIZE & LOCATION OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS. READ PG 186 Requirements for a tourist destination 1 2 3 4 5 The development of an Accessibility of a tourist If it is certain that there are Accessibility depends on Tourists must be able to area into a tourist destination tourists in generating several factors, such as reach a destination using destination depends on regions interested in transport, accommodation, various modes of transport. various factors. The two visiting a primary support services, The destination must most important factors are: attraction, then a information & culture. provide accommodation the accessibility of the area, destination must be where tourists can stay. & the quality & mix of physically accessible. tourism resources & attractions available in the area Requirements for a tourist destination conti…. Tourists should have access to various supporting services & facilities during their stay at a destination. E.g., filling stations, ATM machines, telecommunications, restaurants, nightclubs, public transport services, medical services, safety & security. A destination is also accessible when information is available about it in the generating regions. This is called the market accessibility of a destination, meaning that people must know that the destination exists and what it has to offer. The destination is also accessible when it is culturally familiar. Quality & mix of tourism resources & attractions. The quality of a tourism resource base refers to the authenticity & uniqueness of the cultural & natural resources available in a destination area. The authenticity & uniqueness of resources become a tourist destination. If there is a mix of resources, then the resource that attracts the most tourists will determine the type of destination. Destinations can be mass tourism destinations or special interest destinations. Spontaneous or unplanned development, integrated resort development, & special interest tourism destinations special interest tourism. PLEASE GO THROUGH THEM. PLANNING & Having looked at the characteristics of a tourist destination & what an area needs to MANAGING become a tourist destination. Let us discuss how to plan for & manage a tourist A TOURIST destination. DESTINATION  A destination zone is defined as a geographic area containing critical development mass that satisfies travelers’ objectives. A critical mass of development refers to necessary infrastructure, accommodation, & other tourist amenities. The basic elements of a destination zone are: One or more communities to supply the utilities, services & facilities Planning a tourist Transportation linkages between the communities & the attractions, destination zone More attraction complexes Entrance or gateway at the destination. Planning and design The planning & design of tourism destinations, it is important to unite primary attractions with other parts of the tourism supply, such as other places & their various facilities and services, to create a unique place that will be more competitive than other destinations. A competitive destination usually offers tourists better attractions at cheaper rates than similar destinations. So, what elements do planners need to focus on to make a destination competitive? Planners should plan to maximize the accessibility of the area to generate markets, the product advantage, & the advantage of nearby natural & cultural resources. THE POSITIVE ATTITUDE OF HOST COMMUNITIES TOWARD TOURISTS WILL ALSO INCREASE A DESTINATION’S ATTRACTIVENESS.  In summary, the planning of a destination includes planning of attractions, infrastructure, accommodation, access, supporting facilities, and services. Planning and The aim is to create a good relationship design conti… between the private sector & the public sector. Physical planning of a site is the drawing of site plans with all the details about how high a hotel will be, where it will be situated, & where the roads, parks, walking area, shops, etc.  The environmental & social impacts of tourism in a destination should be assessed before construction begins. Developers of a destination must consider measures to ASSESSING minimize negative impacts & enhance the positive ones. POSSIBLE In SA, before ANY development can take place, the law requires a process of assessing environmental impacts. The Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) should prove that the development is environmentally friendly IMPACTS & sustainable. Social Impact Assessment(SIA) and economic impacts through a viability study to see if set profit, employment & economic indicators are realistically achievable.  Once a destination has been planned & built, it has to be managed correctly in order for it to be successful. MANAGING A Destination management requires that the host community, the environment & the tourists who visit the TOURIST destination are all considered. If the destination is to be successfully managed. DESTINATION The destination must be competitive & sustainable. ZONE TEST 1 Destantion sustainability is a destination’s ability to maintain the quality of resources while at the same time competing in the marketplace. This balance is very difficult to achieve, as it requires both the protection of tourism resources (by limiting use by tourists) through tourism use(by maximizing use by tourists, to secure maximum profit), which are two opposite goals. INTEGRATED PLANNING & MANAGEMENT A destination does not exist in isolation. Wherever it is located, a destination exists in a bigger area or region. Planning for a destination must be integrated into the regional plan. The regional plan must consider ALL infrastructure & service needs of the new tourism destination, as well as the relationship a destination has with different sectors & potential suppliers. This type of destination planning is called integrated destination planning. INTEGRATED PLANNING & MANAGEMENT It is important that the needs of all local & regional role-players are integrated into one regional plan. If they are not, then it is possible that the current capacity of water, electricity, & sewerage infrastructure will not be able to support the requirements of the new tourism destination zone. Tourism has a seasonal character; infrastructure & services for a new tourism destination must be planned for its maximum capacity and not for the use of only the average number of capacity. Without integrated tourism planning, a tourist destination cannot be sustainable in the long term. INTEGRATED PLANNING & MANAGEMENT conti…. When destination planning is integrated, then destination management should be integrated. This means that all stakeholders must take part in managing a destination. The management of a tourist destination cannot be isolated from other economic sectors because all other sectors are economically linked with a destination zone, either as suppliers of products & services or as competing users for the same resources. Integrated destination management also provides better monitoring & management of the negative impacts of tourism. To ensure that tourism resources are sustainable & minimize any negative environmental impacts, integrated destination management is the best method to use. The birth of a This section will build on the concept of attractions & tourist describe how, by increasing their number & diversity, they can turn an area into a destination tourist destination.  John Swartbrooke developed a model to describe how an attraction transforms into a Swartbrooke’s tourism destination. model of His model shows the birth of a transformation destination, a natural process triggered by the steady increase in the number of tourists visiting the primary attraction. Stage 1: the single attraction In theory, every destination developed from one primary attraction capable of pulling tourists into the area. At this point, the tourist destination has the potential to develop, but is not developed yet, e.g., an unspoiled beach close to a traditional fishermen’s village. STAGE 2: The embryonic destination Will form when the supporting services develop in response to a growing number of tourists visiting a primary attraction. The main requirement for the emergence of a destination is to provide tourist services & facilities such as accommodation, restaurants, boat rides, & ATMs. If they do not develop, the destination will not come into existence. Stage 3: The developed single- market destination. At this stage, not only does the number of new services & facilities increase, but a whole range of new secondary attractions develops in support of the primary attraction as well. Extended the average length of a tourist’s stay in a destination. If tourists stay an extra day in a destination, they will spend more on accommodation, food & beverages, transport, entertainment, souvenirs, etc. In order to encourage tourists to stay longer, there should be something more for them to do or a new attraction for them to visit. Supporting services & facilities & secondary attractions provide this additional tourism menu. Increase the average tourist’s expenditure Tourists will spend more money if given an opportunity or a valid reason. Supporting attractions that complement a primary attraction are added to encourage tourists to spend more money. E.g. the primary attraction is cultural village, supporting attractions like a craft market, a ride in a chariot, restaurant offering traditional food, or a visit to a traditional healer, will provide an opportunity for tourists to spend more money. Stage 4: The diversified destination This stage marks the development of new secondary attractions, further diversifying a destination’s tourism products. The role of these new secondary attractions is to appeal not only to the existing market segment already visiting a destination but also to attract new market segments. For cultural villages, new attractions can offer a guided walk through mountains, bird watching, paragliding, bungee jumping, zip liner, etc.  This stage is characterized by new patterns in the development of services and facilities as a response to decreasing numbers of tourists. Stage 5: Declining numbers of tourist facilities & businesses must close down. Declining Some destinations rejuvenated its declining coastal regions by offering cultural heritage products available within the area. destination However, some destinations have experienced a complete decline with no possibility for tourism renewal, and as a result, many hotels were forced to convert into an old-age homes. The life cycle of a tourist destination This section will discuss the lifecycle of a tourist destination, and what happens at each stage. As a destination grows, it experiences more transformation. Finally, a destination stops growing, and it reaches a point where one of three things can happen: either the number of tourists decreases, and the destination slips into a decline, or the number of tourists remains the same, or the destination introduces new products and rejuvenates itself. The whole life cycle is presented in Butler’s (1980) model of the Tourism Area Life Cycle or TALC. Phase 1: Discovery This is where the exploration stage occurs. The destination has just been discovered & only a few tourists come into the area. Tourists are satisfied that the destination is not being developed & has no proper tourist services & facilities. Phase 2: Local (community) control. In the involvement stage, the community responds to the presence of a small number of tourists by providing basic tourist services & facilities. The destination is completely locally controlled & there are no planning or marketing efforts for the development or promotion of the area. Phase 3: Intuitionalism In the development stage, large numbers of visitors arrive in peak periods, exceeding the number of local inhabitants. Large companies start investing in accommodation, & local control & involvement rapidly declines. With an increasing number of tourists, the destination may suffer problems of overuse & the facilities may deteriorate. In this stage, regional and national planning and control become necessary, and the effectiveness of environmental policies becomes visible  The number of tourists has reached its peak and cannot grow Stage 4: anymore. The destination almost exclusively relies on repeat visits, Stagnation, when tourists return to the rejuvenation destination more than once. Social, environmental & economic or decline problems become visible, & it’s easy to recognize any negative impact.  The number of tourist arrivals as a fraction of the total number of residents. This can show the average number of interactions of each member of the local community with different people coming from outside. This is the best indicator of possible conflict between residents & Indicators of a tourists. The more tourists per resident, the more likely destination’s the signs of conflict will increase. decline Tourist pressure on the environment. The average daily number of tourists per square kilometer of suitable soil. This formula can work out the additional human pressure on the environment caused by tourists. THE END