Carabao Production PDF

Chapter 6. Buffalo Production PHILIPPINE CARABAO INDUSTRY Situation of the Philippine meat industry Carabao Industry as of 2023 Smallhold: 99.3% Semi-commercial: 0.5% Commercial: 0.2% Total: 2.74 million heads  Carabao Conservation status: Domesticated Scientific...

Chapter 6. Buffalo Production PHILIPPINE CARABAO INDUSTRY Situation of the Philippine meat industry Carabao Industry as of 2023 Smallhold: 99.3% Semi-commercial: 0.5% Commercial: 0.2% Total: 2.74 million heads  Carabao Conservation status: Domesticated Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Bovinae Genus: Bubalus Species: B. bubalis Subspecies: B. b. carabanesis Trinomial name: Bubalus bubalis carabanesis (Linnaeus, 1758)  Carabao Production commonly raised livestock specie in the Philippines has gained remarkable importance as a vital component in food sustainability and income to farmers problems that beset carabao raisers are oftentimes location- specific, thus, there is the need for more researches for this commodity's enrichment statistical data show that the water buffalo is essentially an "Asian animal" the main source of draft power and meat for the small farmers  Carabao Classification Swamp type - distinguished by its natural preference for swamps or marshlands; primarily utilized for farm work River type - exemplified by the Indian and subcontinent breeds; considered under the dairy category because it possesses high genetic capacity for milk production  Problems and Prospects Carabao production can very well be integrated with crop farming Carabaos are also potential sources of milk A caracow with a nursing calf can produce 300 to 800 kg of milk during a lactation period of about 180 to 300 days. Its potential for draft, milk and meat has not been fully exploited on account of several technical problems : Poor reproductive capacity Low productivity High mortality Poor marketing Unrealistic credit facilities Breeds and breeding system  Types of water buffalo Riverine Type Buffaloes Generally, the dairy type Estimated to be 80.11% of the world total Murrah from India, Nili Ravi from Pakistan, Mediterranean from Italy Swamp Type Buffaloes Mostly found in Southeast Asian countries Estimated to be 19.8% of the total population Philippine carabao and the Thai buffalo raised primarily for draft and meat Swamp Type - Philippines Philippine Carabao (Philippine origin) Light gray in general with two stripes or chevron distinct on the ventral side of the neck, one near the brisket and the other near jaw; Color is lighter on the legs and outside of the body and the ears; Horn is generally curved outward and inward to form a semicircle from the base of the head; Upper surface of horns has grooves; Low wide and heavy built body; Average mature weight for male is 500 kgs while the female is 425 kgs; Average milk production of 1.45 - 2.64 kgs per day. Swamp Type - Thailand Thai Buffalo - Origin in Thailand Black color and the hair is relatively loan; Strong and broad bodied animals with prominent muscling in neck chest and back; Massive and strong horn to form a moonlike crescent with ends upwards; Average weight for male and female is 540 kgs and 40& kgs, respectively; Daily average milk production is 0.9-1.0 kg River Type - Murrah India by origin Jet black in color with white switch in the tail; skin texture is soft and fine Horn is tightly and spirally curled Massive and stocky built, and light neck and head Short limbs, broad hips and drooping quarter Udder and teats are well developed; teats are black, long and stout Male and female average weight is 625 and 525 kgs, respectively Average milk production of 5 - 7 kg a day River Type – Nili-Ravi Originated in Pakistan Black with white markings on the face and legs White switch Horn is small and lightly coiled Medium-sized, deep frame with elongated coarse and heavy head  Selection of Stocks Criteria for the right choice of stock to raise: birth weight pre-weaning growth rate post weaning growth rate feed intake and conversion body conformation measurements carcass traits milk yield and draft capacity Reproductive Physiology  Reproductive Physiology Carabaos breed throughout the year preponderance takes place between August and January Dry season usually offsets the fertility of the carabaos the semen quality is adversely affected, resulting in a poor conception rate of mated females high incidence of "silent heat" occurs during the dry season  Reproductive Physiology It is important to separate the male caracalves from the females shortly after weaning (about 10 to 12 months) to prevent premature breeding.  Estrus Period Native carabaos 5 to 36 hours average heat period of about 24 hours Murrahs about 24 to 71 hours Murrah buffaloes ovulate at about 11 hours after cessation of estrus The majority exhibit estrus at night Carabaos reared under close confinement ovulate 15 hours after the end of estrus, or about 35 hours after the onset of estrus  Estrus Cycle Carabaos raised under close confinement 21 + 2 days Murrah buffaloes 21 days Carabaos raised under close confinement: 21 + 2 days; - Murrah buffaloes = 21 days;  Estrus Cycle First Fertile Mating Native: from 2 years 4 months to 2 years 6 months Murrah buffalo: 4 years 4 months Post partum heat Native: manifest 35-44 days after calving Murrah: manifest 49 days after calving  Estrus Cycle Calving Interval Native and Murrah buffaloes have calving intervals ranging from 1 year to about 3 years and 9 months of an average of about 1-1/2 years.  Gestation Period The gestation period of carabaos ranges from 320 to 325 days. The Murrah buffaloes have an average gestation period of 314 to 317 days.  Gestation Table for Carabao (320 days) Find the day the caracow was bred in the first column and the month in the first row (X). The intersections of this month (X) and date in “Y” column will be the due calving date of the caracow. Nutrient Requirements  Suggested Nutrient Requirement Of Buffalo DRY MATTER CLASS AGE WEIGHT (kg) DCP (kg) TDN (kg) (kg) Calves 6-12 mo. 150 3.7 0.35 2.6 Young stocks 1-2 yrs. 300 7.5 0.47 4.0 Young stocks 2 yrs. above 400 10.0 0.45 4.3 Dry animals 450 11.2 0.45 3.4 Bull 450 13.7 0.50 4.0 Nutrient Requirements of Lactating Buffaloes DM (100 kg) Milk Yield DM (kg) DCP (kg) TDN (kg) Body wt