Chapter-5-Freuds-Stages-of-Psychosexual-Development.pdf

8/16/2024 CHAPTER 1 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL, PSYCHOSOCIAL, AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT EDUC 50 | CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNER AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES This c...

8/16/2024 CHAPTER 1 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL, PSYCHOSOCIAL, AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT EDUC 50 | CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNER AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES This course focuses on child and adolescent development with emphasis on current research and theory on the biological, linguistic, cognitive, social, and emotional dimensions of development. Furthermore, this includes factors that affect the progress of development of the learners and shall include appropriate pedagogical principles for each developmental level. 1 UNIT OUTLINE Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Urie Bronfenbrenner’ Ecological Model 2 1  8/16/2024 SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Sigmund Freud (1905) believed that life was built around tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up sexual energy. Note: Freud used the term “sexual” in a very general way to mean all pleasurable actions and thoughts. During each stage, sexual energy (libido) is expressed in different ways and through different body parts. 3 SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT erogenous zones These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the focus of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their body become important as sources of potential frustration, pleasure or both (erogenous zones). 4 2  8/16/2024 SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT erogenous zones Freud stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of adult personality. The id must be controlled to satisfy social demands; this sets up a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms. The ego and superego develop in order to exercise this control and direct the need for gratification into socially acceptable channels. 5 STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE PSYCHE Each of these components plays a crucial role in influencing human behavior and personality: The id is the most primitive part of the mind, present from birth. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic drives and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual impulses. The id is entirely unconscious and is driven by instincts and impulses without consideration for reality or social norms. 6 3  8/16/2024 STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE PSYCHE Each of these components plays a crucial role in influencing human behavior and personality: The ego develops from the id and operates on the reality principle. It serves as the rational part of the psyche, mediating between the unrealistic demands of the id and the external world. The ego considers the consequences of actions and tries to satisfy the id's desires in a socially acceptable and realistic way. 7 STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE PSYCHE Each of these components plays a crucial role in influencing human behavior and personality: The superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal norms, values, and ideals, often learned from parents and other authority figures. It strives for perfection and judges the actions of the ego, leading to feelings of pride when we live up to its standards and guilt or shame when we fail to do so. 8 4  8/16/2024 SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT erogenous zones The resolution of each of these conflicts requires the expenditure of sexual energy, and the more energy that is expended at a particular stage, the more important characteristics of that stage remain with the individual as he/she matures psychologically. To explain this, Freud suggested the analogy of military troops on the march. As the troops advance, they are met by opposition or conflict. 9 FIXATION Both frustration and overindulgence (or any combination of the two) may lead to what psychoanalysts call fixation at a particular psychosexual stage. Fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual’s libido has been permanently “invested” in a particular stage of his development. 10 5  8/16/2024 SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ORAL STAGE: ANAL STAGE: PHALLIC STAGE: LATENCY STAGE: GENITAL STAGE: birth to 1 year 1 to 3 years 3 to 6 years 6 to puberty puberty to adulthood Sigmund Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. You can remember the order of these stages by using the mnemonic : “O (oral) A (anal) P (phallic) La (latent) Ge (genital) si Sigmund Freud. 11 ORAL STAGE (birth to 1 year) The Oral Stage is the first stage of Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth until approximately 18 months. During the oral stage, a baby’s libido, or innate pleasure-seeking energy, is focused on the mouth. The baby derives immense satisfaction from engaging in oral activities such as sucking, biting, breastfeeding, and chewing various objects, satisfying their inherent desires. 12 6  8/16/2024 ORAL STAGE (birth to 1 year) Oral Fixation Freud believed that experiences during the oral stage shape personality, with underfed infants potentially becoming pessimistic and suspicious, while overfed ones may grow up to be optimistic and gullible. He associated oral fixation in adulthood with behaviors like excessive eating, smoking, nail- biting, or talking, especially when stressed as these actions represent a continued need to satisfy oral urges. 13 ANAL STAGE (1 to 3 years) The anal stage is the second stage of psychosexual development happens between the ages of 18 months and three years. During the anal stage, the libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. Freud believed this type of conflict tends to come to a head in potty training, in which adults impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate. 14 7  8/16/2024 ANAL STAGE (1 to 3 years) Anal Fixation Anal Fixation Unresolved conflicts or issues during this stage, and the way parents approach toilet training can lead to two outcomes: Early or harsh potty training may result in an anal- retentive personality, characterized by a dislike for mess, obsessive tidiness, punctuality, respect for authority, stubbornness, and stinginess. A liberal toilet-training can lead to an anal- expulsive personality, marked by a tendency to be messy, disorganized, and rebellious. 15 PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) This period is marked by the child’s libido (or desire) focusing on their genitals as the primary source of pleasure. In this stage, children become increasingly aware of their bodies, exhibiting a heightened interest in their own genitals and those of the opposite sex. 16 8  8/16/2024 PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) Additionally, their understanding of anatomical sex differences begins to form, sparking a complex mixture of emotions – erotic attraction, rivalry, jealousy, resentment, and fear – collectively termed the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. This period of conflict is resolved through identification, where children start adopting the characteristics of their same-sex parent. 17 PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) Oedipus Complex In the Oedipus complex, a young boy develops sexual desires for his mother and irrationally fears his father will retaliate by castrating him. This fear, known as castration anxiety, leads the boy to repress these desires and identify with his father by adopting his characteristics and values. Through this process, the boy resolves the Oedipus complex by imitating his father's behaviors, known as identification. 18 9  8/16/2024 PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) Elektra Complex In essence, the girl covets her father, yet recognizes that she lacks a penis, leading to the phenomenon Freud labeled as ‘penis envy‘ and a subsequent wish to be male. During this process, the girl purportedly blames her mother for her ‘castrated state,’ generating significant tension. This girl then ostensibly resolves her dilemma by repressing her desire for her father and and begins to identify with her mother, thereby adopting a traditional female gender role. 19 PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) Phallic Stage Fixation Freud theorized that unresolved conflicts during this stage could potentially lead to future issues such as sexual dysfunction, problems with gender identity, or difficulties in forming relationships. Freud suggested that fixations at this point could lead to adult personalities that are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive. In men, phallic fixation might result in anxiety about sexual performance, the need for reassurance and validation, or a tendency to be overly assertive or aggressive. In women, fixation at the phallic stage could lead to a desire to dominate men, a rivalry with other women, or the need for male attention or approval. 20 10  8/16/2024 However, it’s important to note that these theories have been widely contested and aren’t broadly accepted in contemporary psychology. 21 LATENCY STAGE (6 to puberty) The libido is dormant during this stage, and no further psychosexual development occurs (latent means hidden). In this stage, Freud believed sexual impulses are repressed, leading to a period of relative calm. During this stage, children’s sexual impulses become suppressed (the libido is dormant), and no further psychosexual development occurs (latent means hidden). 22 11  8/16/2024 PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years) Latency Stage Fixation If a child fails to make strong social connections – perhaps they struggle to make friends or fit in with their peers – this could impact their social skills and potentially lead to feelings of isolation or inadequacy. Similarly, if a child falls behind academically during this stage – perhaps struggling with reading, writing, or math skills – they might feel less competent than their peers, leading to insecurity or inadequacy. This stage ends with the onset of puberty, when sexual urges resurface, and the individual enters the final stage of Freud’s psychosexual development, the Genital Stage. 23 GENITAL STAGE (Puberty to adult) During this stage, the libido re-emerges after its latent period and is directed towards peers of the other sex, marking the onset of mature adult sexuality. During this stage, individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly. 24 12  8/16/2024 GENITAL STAGE (Puberty to adult) This period marks the onset of romantic and sexual emotions, leading to the formation of intimate relationships. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure, like during the phallic stage. A teenager who begins to experience sexual attraction and begins to explore their sexuality. 25 GENITAL STAGE (Puberty to adult) This stage isn’t just about sexual attraction, but also about forming meaningful emotional bonds with others, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20s. 26 13  8/16/2024 GENITAL STAGE (Puberty to adult) Genital Stage Fixation For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through heterosexual intercourse. Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the consequence that sexual perversions may develop. For example, fixation at the oral stage may result in a person gaining sexual pleasure primarily from kissing and oral sex, rather than sexual intercourse. According to Freud, if individuals have unresolved conflicts or issues during this stage, it can lead to problems such as sexual dysfunction, difficulties forming healthy relationships, or other emotional problems. 27 SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ORAL STAGE: ANAL STAGE: PHALLIC STAGE: LATENCY STAGE: GENITAL STAGE: birth to 1 year 1 to 3 years 3 to 6 years 6 to puberty puberty to adulthood Sigmund Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. You can remember the order of these stages by using the mnemonic : “O (oral) A (anal) P (phallic) La (latent) Ge (genital) si Sigmund Freud. 28 14  8/16/2024 REFERENCE Freud’s Stages of Human Development: 5 Psychosexual Stages. (2024, January 16). Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html 29 15