Chapter 5 & 6 Test Review PDF

Chapter 5 - Socialization 1.​ Intro to “Socialization” (118-120) / Harry Harlow (Rhesus Monkey) & Mary Ainsworth (Strange Situation) In Black Book 2.​ Seven Agents of Socialization (123-129) 3.​ Studying Socialization - Feral Children / Isolates / Elements of Socialization HW (11...

Chapter 5 - Socialization 1.​ Intro to “Socialization” (118-120) / Harry Harlow (Rhesus Monkey) & Mary Ainsworth (Strange Situation) In Black Book 2.​ Seven Agents of Socialization (123-129) 3.​ Studying Socialization - Feral Children / Isolates / Elements of Socialization HW (119-130) & (206 / 245 Black Book) 4. Theories of Self Development – Freud / Piaget / Cooley (131-136) 5. Theories of Self Development – Erikson / Kohlberg / Gilligan (137 - 139) Chapter 6 – Social Institutions 1. Social Institutions - What are they? (H.W.) 2. Adolescence: How should we deal with underage criminals? (material from Challenge & Change book) 3. Criminal Justice System – The Process (Article & Questions from a Toronto lawyer) 4. (CJS) Criminal Justice System vs. (CJI) Community Justice Initiatives (Chart) 5. Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice (H/W) & the Psychology of Race (Robbers Cave – Landmark Experiment) 6. Marriage in Canada (Divorce graph & Questions) 7. Marriage in Diverse Cultures / Hutterites (H.W.) 8. The Changing Family (H.W.) 9. Infertility and Reproductive Technologies (From Challenge & Change book) Chapter 5 - Socialization 1. Intro to Socialization (Harlow & Ainsworth) -​ Definition: Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors necessary to function in their society. Example: Harlow’s rhesus monkey experiments demonstrated that young monkeys preferred a soft, comforting “mother” over a wire “mother” providing food. This highlighted the importance of emotional bonding in early development, a behavior observed universally in human and primate caregiving. A safe, stable environment for children to grow up in is essential for development. He argued that this is more important than nourishment for a child. Example: Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” study showed how when children are loved and their parents have positive emotions they have secure attachment which fosters independence, when parents' insecure attachment can lead to difficulties in social integration. For instance, in Japan, there is a higher prevalence of ambivalent (resistence) attachment due to the intense mother-child bond. -​ Secure attachment = signs of an emotionally available parent -​ avoidant attachment = signs of a rejecting parent (can cause anxiety)  -​ Resistant attachment = signs of an inconsistent parent (little exploration can lead to uninterested growth) Four categories of socialization 1.​ Primary Socialization: The process where we learn to use language, eat, practice hygiene and understand how to behave according to gender roles & expectations 2.​ Secondary Socialization: Learning how to function in a group and how to follow behaviours society expects of us. 3.​ anticipatory socialization 4.​ Resocialization 2. Seven Agents of Socialization -​ Family: Primary agent shaping early social norms. Example: Inuit communities in the Arctic teach survival skills through family traditions. -​ Peers: Influence during adolescence. Example: Maasai peer groups in Kenya participate in age-set ceremonies that mark life transitions. -​ Education: Transmits societal knowledge and norms. Example: In Japan, schools emphasize group harmony, mirroring collectivist cultural values. -​ Media: Shapes perceptions and behaviors globally. Example: Western media’s portrayal of beauty standards influences cultural ideals worldwide. -​ Religion: Provides moral frameworks. Example: In Islamic societies, daily practices like prayer are integral to socialization. -​ Workplace: Reinforces adult social roles. Example: Apprenticeships in traditional societies like the Ashanti of Ghana teach occupational roles. -​ Government: Defines citizenship roles. Example: Mandatory military service in South Korea socializes individuals into national identity. 3. Studying Socialization: Feral Children / Isolates -​ Feral Children: Lack socialization, demonstrating its critical role. Example: Genie, a child isolated for 13 years, exhibited severe developmental delays, showing that without human interaction, language and social skills cannot fully develop. -​ Elements of Socialization: Language, norms, and values learned through interaction. Example: In Polynesian cultures, communal child-rearing ensures collective socialization. -​ Isolates: Social and cognitive development stagnates. Example: Victor of Aveyron, a feral child in 18th-century France, had difficulty adjusting to societal norms despite rehabilitation efforts. 4. Theories of Self Development (Freud, Piaget, Cooley) -​ Freud: Emphasized unconscious drives. Freud Example: The Oedipus complex explains cultural taboos around familial relationships.  -​ Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of development suggests that personality develops through a series of stages focused on different erogenous zones. Each stage involves a conflict that must be resolved for healthy psychological development. The five stages are: 1.​ Oral Stage (0 - 18 months): -​ Focus: Mouth (sucking, eating, biting). -​ Key Conflict: Weaning from breastfeeding or bottle. -​ Outcome: Overindulgence leads to dependency, while underindulgence can result in oral fixation (e.g., smoking or nail-biting). 2.​ Anal Stage (18 months - 3 years): -​ Focus: Anus (toilet training). -​ Key Conflict: Learning to control bowel movements. -​ Outcome: Strict training can lead to obsessive cleanliness (anal-retentive), while lenient training might result in messiness (anal-expulsive). 3.​ Phallic Stage (3-6 years): -​ Focus: Genitals. -​ Key Conflict: Oedipus (boys)/Electra (girls) complex (desiring the opposite-sex parent and identifying with the same-sex parent). -​ Outcome: poor opposite-sex relationships, selfishness, manipulative 4.​ Latency Stage (6 - puberty): -​ Focus: Dormant sexual feelings. -​ Key Conflict: same-sex friends, few opposite-sex friends -​ Outcome: lack of close friends 5.​ Genital Stage (adolescence): -​ Focus: Mature sexual interests. -​ Key Conflict: Establishing balanced relationships and contributing to society. -​ Outcome: Successful completion leads to well-adjusted adulthood, with healthy romantic relationships and productivity. Piaget: Piaget observed that children go through a series of chronological development stages. He believed that the self emerged step by step as a person mastered each stage. Stage Age Characteristics (concluded from experiments) sensorimotor Birth to 2 years -​ Learn by touching -​ Egocentric (see selves as centre, do not understand that a situation may look different to others -​ Understand that something exists only when they can see it pre-operational 2 to 7 years -​ Understand symbols -​ Understand that something exists  even when they cant see it -​ Understand concept of dog or cat when they cant see one -​ Cant appreciate that the other child may have been right and they may have been wrong Concrete operational 7 to 11 years -​ Have logic -​ Understand that a set of objects (ex. Seven marbles) still has theb same quantity (seven) even when arranged in a different pattern -​ Understand that two glasses of different shape can contain the same amount of water -​ Understand principles of measurement and size Formal operational 11 years+ -​ Can think abstractly -​ Can refer to something “on my right-hand side” or “on my left-hand side”. -​ Can see that the other person may have been right and they may have been wrong -​ Cooley (Looking-Glass Self): a person creates their self-image based on the responses of others (such as comments or body language) and the person's perception of how others see and judge them. 1.​ An individual in a social situation imagines how they appear to others. 2.​ That individual imagines others’ judgment of that appearance. 3.​ The individual develops feelings about and responds to those perceived judgments. 5. Theories of Self Development (Erikson, Kohlberg, Gilligan) -​ Erikson: Psychosocial stages. Example: Adolescents in Indian society face an “identity vs. role confusion” stage shaped by expectations of arranged marriage and career choices. Trust vs Mistrust Birth to 1 year Parental care of physical and psychological needs Autonomy vs shame and no 2 years Encouragement of doubt independence, clear discipline Initiative vs guilt 3 to 5 years Encouragement of child’s  interests, parental pride and confidence Industry vs inferiority 6 to 12 years Guidance and praise of academic and social development Identity vs diffusion adolescence Strong role models to promote self-esteem and life goals Intimacy vs isolation Young adulthood Healthy identity, concern for others, involvement in caring relationships Generativity vs isolation adulthood Making good personal decisions, success, enjoyment of work, concern for growth of others Integrity vs despair Old age Self confidence, having led a complete life, sense of satisfaction -​ Kohlberg: Studying early childhood development expanded from Europe to North America 1.​ Pre-conventional: Young children’s decisions are based on personal interest. Rules must be followed. Punishment will occur if rules are broken. (0 to 9 years old) 2.​ Conventional: Preteens give up some childish selfishness. The needs of others are recognized. Society’s norms are accepted. (10 to 16 years old) 3.​ Post-conventional: question authority (16+) -​ Gilligan: Critiqued Kohlberg for ignoring gendered perspectives. Example: Women in matriarchal societies like the Mosuo of China may prioritize care-based ethical decisions. Chapter 6 - Social Institutions 1. Social Institutions: What are they? -​ Definition: Structures designed within a particular society to help it function properly for the well-being of all. -​ Characteristics: They have existed for a long time, they have well established or entrenched patterns of functioning known as structure, they have a specific purpose. -​ The purpose of social institutions is to act as an agent of socialization. -​ The main goal of total institutions is to resocialize radically altering residents’ personalities through deliberate manipulation of their environment. 2. Adolescence: How should we deal with underage criminals?  -​ Restorative Justice: Focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Example: In New Zealand, the Maori use family group conferencing to address youth offenses. -​ Anthropological Insight: Adolescence as a distinct stage is culturally constructed. For example, in some African societies, rites of passage mark the transition to adulthood, reducing delinquency by instilling responsibility. 3. Criminal Justice System (CJS): The Process -​ Three components of our criminal justice system 1.​ Law enforcement agencies 2.​ The courts 3.​ Correctional agencies and institutions -​ Three functions of law enforcement 1.​ procedural fairness 2.​ Bail 3.​ rehabilitation. -​ Three functions of correctional institutions 1.​ Punishment 2.​ Rehabilitation 3.​ Protect the public 4. Criminal Justice System (CJS) vs. Community Justice Initiatives (CJI) Aspect Criminal justice system Community justice initiatives Approach Punitive: focuses on Restorative: emphasizes punishment for crimes. repairing harm and relationships Goals Retribution, deterrence, and Reconciliation, rehabilitation, incapacitation and community healing Process Adversarial system involving Collaboration between court trials and sentencing victims, offenders, and communities Outcomes Often leads to incarceration May include apologies, or fines restitution, or community service Examples Prison sentences Mediated discussions between victims and offenders -​ CJS: Focuses on punishment. -​ CJI: Emphasizes reconciliation. 5. Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice (Psychology of Race, Robbers Cave) -​ Canadian Criminal Justice Issues: Include systemic discrimination, inefficiencies, and over-incarceration. -​ Robbers Cave Experiment: Demonstrated how group conflict arises and can be resolved through cooperative goals. 6. Marriage in Canada (Diverse Cultures) -​ Divorce rates in Canada have fluctuated with societal changes, including legal reforms (e.g., Divorce Act of 1985). 1.​ Polygamy 2.​ Monogamy 3.​ Polygyny 4.​ Polyandry 7. The Changing Family -​ Remember Harry Harlow. He argued that marriage provides a safe, stable environment for children to grow up in. He argued that this is more important than nourishment for a child. -​ Cultural diversity in marriage practices reflects different societal norms. Hutterites maintain traditional collective lifestyles and arranged marriages. 8. Infertility & Reproductive Technologies -​ Involuntary childlessness (10-20%) -​ Technologies like IVF and surrogacy address infertility but raise ethical and legal questions, exemplified by cases like “Baby M.” 1.​ IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) - egg and sperm removed 2.​ Intrauterine Insemination (fertility drugs) 3.​ Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)