Sociology Chapter 5 & 6: Socialization & Institutions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus during Freud's Oral Stage of development?

  • Sucking and eating (correct)
  • Toilet training
  • Mature sexual interests
  • Identifying with the same-sex parent

What outcome might result from overly strict training during the Anal Stage?

  • Lack of close friends
  • Obsessive cleanliness (correct)
  • Messiness and disorganization
  • Adult smoking or nail-biting

In the Phallic Stage, what conflict do boys experience that is significant in Freud’s theory?

  • Conflict with peers
  • Learning to control bowel movements
  • Desire for the opposite-sex parent (correct)
  • Resolution of oral fixation

What is the primary focus during the Latency Stage according to Freud?

<p>Dormant sexual feelings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is emphasized in Piaget's theory of self-development?

<p>Cognitive mastery of chronological stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome reflects Freud's Genital Stage of development?

<p>Healthy romantic relationships and productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key conflict is addressed during the Phallic Stage for girls in Freud's theory?

<p>Identifying with the same-sex parent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if a child is underindulged during the Oral Stage?

<p>Leading to oral fixation behaviors like nail-biting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does socialization primarily involve?

<p>Learning and internalizing societal norms and values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys mainly demonstrate?

<p>Emotional bonding is essential for early development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' study, what fosters independence in children?

<p>Secure attachment with caregivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an ambivalent attachment style in children indicate?

<p>Intense attachment that leads to resistance in separations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered essential for a child's development according to Harlow’s findings?

<p>Emotional stability and bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of insecure attachment in children?

<p>Difficulties in social integration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of socialization is directly related to emotional bonding according to Harlow's research?

<p>Parental attachment styles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical role of socialization in human development?

<p>It helps individuals learn to function within their society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cooley's Looking-Glass Self theory emphasize regarding self-image?

<p>Self-image is influenced by the perceptions and judgments of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability is characteristic of the formal operational stage?

<p>Ability to think abstractly and understand complex ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's psychosocial development, what stage do adolescents experience that is influenced by cultural expectations in Indian society?

<p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is illustrated by the idea that two glasses of different shapes can hold the same amount of water?

<p>The principle of conservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of thinking during the formal operational stage, starting at age 11?

<p>Awareness of logical fallacies in reasoning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of self-development according to Cooley's Looking-Glass Self?

<p>Receiving feedback directly from others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adolescents typically respond to the conflict of Identity vs. Role Confusion, according to Erikson?

<p>By undergoing a period of uncertainty regarding their personal identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory suggests that self-image results from social perceptions and evaluations?

<p>Looking-Glass Self Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage of development?

<p>They learn by touching. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a limitation of children in the pre-operational stage?

<p>They cannot understand that other viewpoints may differ from their own. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do children typically enter the concrete operational stage?

<p>7 to 11 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Criminal Justice System (CJS)?

<p>Punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is often associated with the Criminal Justice System?

<p>Incarceration or fines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major understanding develops in children during the pre-operational stage?

<p>Understanding that symbols can represent real-life entities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Understanding that objects exist when not visible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which goal is emphasized in the Criminal Justice Initiative (CJI)?

<p>Reconciliation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of marriage does not involve multiple partners?

<p>Monogamy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment illustrated the resolution of group conflict through cooperative goals?

<p>Robbers Cave Experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural practice is maintained by Hutterites regarding marriage?

<p>Collective lifestyles and arranged marriages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a commonly referenced issue in the Canadian Criminal Justice system?

<p>Excessive legal representation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Harry Harlow, what is more important for a child's development than nourishment?

<p>Safe, stable environment of marriage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the developmental stage of Trust vs Mistrust?

<p>Parental care of physical and psychological needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage is the child encouraged to develop independence?

<p>Autonomy vs shame and doubt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage occurs between the ages of 6 to 12 years?

<p>Industry vs inferiority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of the Intimacy vs isolation stage?

<p>Healthy identity and caring relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Generativity vs stagnation stage?

<p>Making good personal decisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of individuals in the Integrity vs despair stage?

<p>Leading a complete life with satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the Pre-conventional stage of moral development?

<p>Focus on personal interest and consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do strong role models play during the Identity vs diffusion stage?

<p>They promote self-esteem and life goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Socialization

The process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors of their society.

Strange Situation

A study of the relationship between infants and their caregivers, showing the importance of secure attachment for healthy development.

Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Experiment

The importance of emotional bonding for healthy development, even more than physical needs like food. This was observed in monkeys preferring a soft, comforting 'mother' over a wire 'mother' providing food.

Child Socialization

The process of a child learning and developing social skills, values, and beliefs through interactions with others.

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Jean Piaget

A psychologist who studied the stages of cognitive development in children, outlining how thinking and understanding evolve with age.

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Looking-Glass Self

The idea that we develop a sense of self through interactions with others, seeing ourselves reflected in their eyes.

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Erik Erikson

A psychologist who developed the theory of psychosocial development, describing eight stages of life where individuals face challenges that shape their identity.

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Robbers Cave Experiment

An experiment that explored the development of prejudice and intergroup conflict, demonstrating how easily groups can create 'us vs. them' dynamics.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The stage of development where infants learn primarily through their senses and actions, like touching, sucking, and looking.

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Pre-operational Stage

The stage where children develop the ability to use symbols (like language) and understand that things exist even when they cannot be seen.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The stage characterized by the development of logical thinking skills. Children begin to understand concepts like conservation (understanding that the amount of something stays the same even if its appearance changes) and classification.

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Egocentric

This is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage where babies believe that everything revolves around them and that others experience the world the same way they do.

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Lack of Perspective Taking

This concept describes a child's inability to understand that others may have different perspectives or opinions. They tend to focus on their own viewpoint.

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Freud's Psychosexual Theory

Freud's theory suggesting personality develops through stages focused on erogenous zones, each with a conflict needing resolution for healthy development.

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Oral Stage

The first stage (0-18 months) in Freud's theory, focusing on the mouth and oral gratification, with weaning as a key conflict.

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Anal Stage

The second stage (18 months - 3 years) in Freud's theory, focusing on the anus and toilet training, with bowel control as a key conflict.

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Phallic Stage

The third stage (3-6 years) in Freud's theory, focusing on the genitals, with the Oedipus/Electra complex (desire for the opposite-sex parent) as a key conflict.

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Latency Stage

The fourth stage (6-puberty) in Freud's theory, where sexual feelings are temporarily repressed.

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Genital Stage

The final stage (adolescence onwards) in Freud's theory, focusing on mature sexual interest, with healthy relationships and societal contributions as key aspects.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory suggesting children go through distinct developmental stages, with each stage building upon the previous one and shaping the self.

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Emergence of the Self (Piaget)

The idea that the self emerges gradually as a person progresses through Piaget's stages of development.

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Conservation of Quantity

The understanding that the quantity of something remains the same, even if its appearance changes. For example, seven marbles will still be seven marbles even if you rearrange them.

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Conservation of Volume

The ability to understand that two containers can hold the same amount of liquid, even if they have different shapes. For example, a tall, thin glass and a short, wide glass can hold the same amount of water.

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Formal Operational Stage

The ability to think abstractly and consider ideas beyond concrete experiences. This includes understanding concepts like justice, fairness, and morality.

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Perspective Taking

The ability to understand that another person's perspective may be different from your own.

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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

A theory of human development that suggests individuals move through stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a specific crisis or challenge. The stages are: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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Cultural Identity Formation

The understanding that your role and identity are shaped by the expectations and values of your culture. This includes the influence of cultural norms, traditions, and social customs.

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Principles of Measurement

The understanding that the principles of measurement, such as length, width, and volume, are important for describing and comparing objects.

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Restorative Justice

A system of justice focused on addressing the harm caused by crime, with the goal of restoring relationships and healing the community.

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Criminal Justice System

This system emphasizes punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation as key goals.

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Restorative Justice Process

Involves a collaborative process where victims, offenders, and communities work together to address the harm caused by crime.

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Restorative Justice Outcomes

Common outcomes include apologies, restitution, community service, and other actions aimed at repairing the harm.

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Marriage in Canada

Social and legal practices surrounding marriage vary widely across cultures.

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Polygamy

A type of marriage where an individual has more than one spouse.

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Same-Sex Marriage

A marriage where the partner is the same gender.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

In this stage, babies learn to trust their caregivers to meet their basic needs, which lays the foundation for future relationships.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlers develop a sense of independence and self-control, but if they are over-controlled or overly criticized, they may feel shame and doubt.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschoolers are eager to take initiative and try new things, but if they are discouraged or over-controlled, they may develop feelings of guilt.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

School-aged children develop a sense of competence and accomplishment in academic and social activities, but if they struggle, they may develop feelings of inferiority.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

Teenagers work on forming a sense of identity, figuring out who they are and what their place is in the world. If they struggle, they may feel confused and lost.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults focus on building close relationships with others, forming intimate connections, and finding a partner. If they struggle, they may feel isolated and lonely.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

Adults strive to contribute to society and leave a lasting legacy. They focus on raising children, helping others, or making a difference in the world. If they struggle, they may feel stagnant and unfulfilled.

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Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Older adults reflect on their lives and attempt to find meaning and acceptance in the events that have transpired. If they feel they haven't lived a fulfilling life, they may experience regret and despair.

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Study Notes

Chapter 5: Socialization

  • Socialization is the process where individuals learn and internalize societal norms, values, and behaviours.
  • Harlow's rhesus monkey experiments showed the importance of emotional bonding for development.
  • Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" study showed that secure attachment leads to independence, while insecure attachment can cause difficulties in social integration.
  • Different types of attachment exist, including secure attachment, resistant attachment, and avoidant attachment.
  • Four categories of socialization: primary, secondary, anticipatory, and resocialization.
  • Seven agents of socialization include family, peers, education, media, religion, workplace, and government.
  • Feral children and isolates demonstrate the critical role of socialization in development.

Chapter 6: Social Institutions

  • Social institutions are structures within a society that help it function, with specific purposes and characteristics.
  • Social institutions serve as agents of socialization.
  • Adolescence poses unique challenges, including dealing with underage criminals.
  • Criminal Justice System (CJS) functions include law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies.
  • Community Justice Initiatives (CJI) focus on reconciliation, rehabilitation, and community healing.
  • CJS emphasizes punishment; CJI emphasizes reconciliation.
  • Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice include systemic discrimination, inefficiencies, and over-incarceration. The Robbers Cave Experiment illustrates how group conflict arises and can be resolved.
  • Marriage in Canada is discussed in relation to various cultural practices.
  • The Changing Family includes issues like infertility and reproductive technologies, like IVF, surrogacy, intrauterine insemination, and artificial insemination by donor.
  • Kohlberg and Gilligan's theories on moral development (stages of moral reasoning) are briefly mentioned in the context of examining societal norms.

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Chapter 5 & 6 Test Review PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts from Chapters 5 and 6 of sociology, focusing on socialization processes and the function of social institutions. Understand the significance of attachment styles, agents of socialization, and various social institutions in shaping society. Dive into the studies that illustrate these concepts and their implications for individual development and societal functioning.

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