Chapter 4 Zoology PDF

**[Chapter 4: Organ System and Physiology]** **[Organ System for Protection, Support and Movement]**\ \ **[ Integumentary System]**\ - protection\ - first line of defense\ - Is a protective covering for the body that regulates and helps maintain the body temperature\ \ [**Types of Integumentary Sy...

**[Chapter 4: Organ System and Physiology]** **[Organ System for Protection, Support and Movement]**\ \ **[ Integumentary System]**\ - protection\ - first line of defense\ - Is a protective covering for the body that regulates and helps maintain the body temperature\ \ [**Types of Integumentary System**\ ]\> Skin\ \> Nails\ \> Hair\ \> Scales\ \> Feather & Beaks\ \> Fur & Claws\ \> Hooves\ \> Shells\ \ **[Functions of Integumentary System]**\ ** ** protection - first physical barrier\ regulation of body temperature\ vitamin D synthesis - UVB to vit D3\ sensation - detection of stimuli\ \ **[Skin]**\ - organ + accessory structures\ - human Integumentary system\ - made up of **multiple layers:** - **Epidermis** - **Dermis** - **hypodermis** **[Epidermis]**\ - outer layer of the skin, made up of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium\ - thinnest on the eyelids\ - thickest on the palms of the hands and sole of the feet\ \ **[Layers/ Structures of Epidermis]** 1. **Stratum Corneum** - uppermost part. exposed to the external. 2. **Stratum Lucidum** - additional layer, only found in the palms and soles of feet. **3.** **Stratum Granulosum** - lipid barrier where keratinocytes die. **4**. **Stratum Spinosum** - thickest layer of epidermis. **5.** **Stratum Basale** - innermost or deepest layer of epidermis **6.** **Basement Membrane** - is what separates epidermis and dermis **[Dermis]**\ - inner layer, after the epidermis\ - blood & lymph vessels, nerves\ - hair follicles and sweat glands\ \ **[Structure of Dermis]** \- **Papillary Layer** - thinner and upper layer. name came from the finger-like **papillae** \- **Reticular Layer** - thicker and lower layer. - made up of loosely woven collagen and elastin fiber. \- protects your hypodermis against stress and strains\ \ **[Hypodermis/ Subcutaneous Layer/ Subcutis]**\ - innermost layer underneath the dermis\ - layer of fat to maintain body temperature\ - acts as a cushion against physical trauma of your internal organ\ - houses adipose tissue **[Integumentary Glands]** - **Sweat Glands** **Types**: **Eccrine** - secretes directly to skin surface (palms and soles) **Apocrine** - secretes sweat in hair follicles (armpit, head or private part), sometimes have body odor. - **Scent Glands** **Function:** **Communication** (pheromones) common animals that have pheromones (dogs or cats) usually for mating. Only with the same species. - **Sebaceous Gland** **Found In**: **Hair Follicles** that secrete: sebum or oil. - **Mammary Gland** - milk line **[What is the Difference between Frogs and Toads?]**\ \ **Frogs**\ - thin, wet, smooth skin that has more color\ - lay eggs in clusters\ - slim\ - very long legs\ - lives in the water\ - prefers to jump\ \ **Toad**\ - thick, dry skin with bumps and usually brown\ - lay eggs in chain\ - stout body\ - short legs\ - lives in land\ - prefer to walk or use small hops\ \ **[What is special about frogs skin?]\ **- uses it as respiratory apparatus\ - oxygen and carbon dioxide\ \ **[Skeletal System]** \- **Endoskeleton** (Ex: bones inside the human hand) \- **Exoskeleton** (Ex: shell outside a snail) Major Components: Chitin and Calcium Carbonate. Chitin a protein that is made up of the majority of animal\'s exoskeleton \- **Hydrostatic Skeleton** (Ex: water pressure inside an earthworm) **Coelom** - fluid-filled cavity inside a earthworm\ \ **[Human Skeletal System]\ **- supports the body\ - storing minerals and lipids\ - producing blood cells\ - protecting internal organs\ - for movement\ \ **[Two Types of Human Skeletal System]**\ - **Axial Skeletal** (Skull, ribcage and vertebral column)\ - **Appendicular Skeleton** (Shoulder Girdle, Arm, Hands, Pervic Girdle, Legs and Foot)\ \ **[Bones as an Organ\ ]**- contain various types of tissue\ - blood\ - connective tissue\ - nerves\ - bone tissue\ \ **[Cells of Bones]**\ - **Osteoblasts** -- bone-forming\ - **Osteocytes** -- matured bone cells\ - **Osteoclasts** -- resorbs or break down for remodeling\ - **Osteoprogenitor** - bridge that helps to make a specific cell type (**Cell Differentiation**). Stem cells that differentiate onto osteoblasts. Important in the repair of bone fractures.\ \ **[Joints/Articulation]**\ - point at which two or more bones meat\ - for movement and stability\ - classified based on **structure or functions\ Structure\ **- **fibrous** (composed of fibers) or **cartilaginous** (composed of cartilage) **[Functions]**\ - **Synarthroses** - immovable joints (Ex: Skull, joints between teeth and mandible)\ - **Amphiarthroses** - allows slight movement (Ex: Tibia and fibula, Ulnar radius)\ - **Diarthroses** - free movement\ \ **[Exoskeleton]**\ - outside skeleton\ - invertebrates\ - hard covering that supports and protects animal\'s body\ - **chitin** (major component of exoskeleton) and **calcium carbonate**\ - (**Ex:** Shell)\ \ **[Two Types of Exoskeleton]**\ - **Chitin Exoskeleton** (Ex: Earwig, Beetle, spider and shrimp)\ - **Calcium Carbonate Exoskeleton** (Ex: Snail and Scallop)\ \ **[Hydrostatic Skeleton]**\ - hydrostats\ - fluid-filled cavity/column\ - held under hydrostatic pressure\ - movement - muscles producing pressure\ (**Ex:** earthworm, C. elegance, jellyfish)\ \ **[ Muscular System]**\ - all muscles in the body\ - **Skeletal Muscle** - attached to bones and enable body movements\ - **Smooth Muscle** - hollow internal organs (**Ex:** digestive tract)\ - **Cardiac Muscle** - makes up the walls of the heart (only found in the heart)\ \ **[Functions of Muscular System]** 1**. Mobility** - allows movement\ 2. **Stability** - muscles, tendons, and joints\ 3. **Posture** - body\'s correct positioning\ 4. **circulation** - cardiac muscles\ 5. **respiration** - diaphragm muscle\ 6. **digestion** - smooth muscles, allows digestion\ 7. **urination** - bladder, kidneys, penis, vagina\ 8. **childbirth** - pelvic floor muscles\ 9. vision - 6 skeletal muscles around the eye\ 10. **organ protection** - shock absorption and reduce friction\ 11. **thermoregulation** - 85% heat comes from contracting muscles\ \ **[Digestive System]**\ - **Digestion** - process of breaking down food into components the body can absorb\ - **Main function**: food digestion, nutrient absorption & waste elimination **[Two Types of Digestive System]** **- Mechanical** - chunks to pieces; mouth and stomach\ **Peristalsis** - wave like movement of esophagus\ - **Chemical** - complex food to simpler nutrients; mainly in intestines\ **Jejunum** - nutrients absorption happen in your small intestine specially in jejunum.\ \ **[Invertebrate Digestive System]**\ invertebrate -animals without backbone\ \ **Gastrovascular Cavity**\ - one opening for digestive\ - tube/cavity serves as mouth and anus\ **Ex:** Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Ctenophora (comb jellies), Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish and sea anemones)\ \ **Alimentary Canal/Tract**\ - more advanced system\ - separate openings for mouth and anus\ - **Specialized Organs:** crop (food storage) gizzard (churning and digestion)\ (**Ex**: earthworm)\ **[\ Vertebrate Digestive System]**\ - Monogastric - one chamber stomach\ \ **Avian** - **two chambers proventriculus** (gastric juices are produced and digestion), **gizzard** (food storage) **Crop** - found in the esophagus, storages food temporarily\ **Ruminants** - multi-chambered (4); rumen (largest), reticulum, omasum, and abomasum\ **(Ex**: Cows)\ **Pseudo ruminants** - three-chambered; omasum, abomasum, and reticulum\ - **Cecum** - pouched organs with microbes\ (**Ex:** Horse and Camel)\ \ **[Parts of the Digestive System]**\ - stomach\ - small intestine (**duodenum** - connect ed to the stomach, **jejunum** - nutrients absorption and **ileum** - connected to the large intestine)\ - Cecum\ - Large Intestine (transverse colon, ascending colon and descending colon)\ - rectum (storage)\ - anus (opening)\ - liver\ - pancreas\ - gallbladder