Chapter 4 Outlines PDF

Chapter 4 Outlines 4.1 Types of Tissues
A tissue is composed of cells of the same type that perform a same function in the body.
Human tissues are categorized into four groups: 1. Connective tissue binds and supports body parts. 2. Muscular tissue moves t...

Chapter 4 Outlines 4.1 Types of Tissues
A tissue is composed of cells of the same type that perform a same function in the body.
Human tissues are categorized into four groups: 1. Connective tissue binds and supports body parts. 2. Muscular tissue moves the body and its parts. 3. Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses. 4. Epithelial tissue (ep-uh-thee-lee-ul) covers body surfaces and lines body cavities. 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports
Connective tissue is diverse (different) in structure and function.
All types of connective tissue have three components: i. Specialized cells ii. Ground substance iii. Protein fibers. Types of Connective Tissues
Two main types of connective tissues exist: 1. Fibrous Connective Tissue 2. Specialized connective Tissue which is further divided into a. Supportive Connective Tissue b. Fluid Connective Tissue Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 1 of 9  Types Subtypes Description Location Function Loose They have It occurs in lungs It forms a protective fibrous space arteries and covering enclosing connective between urinary bladder. many internal organs. Fibrous tissue components. Connective Dense Collagen They are found Tendons: which Tissue fibrous fibers are in tendons, and connect muscle to connective packed ligaments. bone Ligaments: tissue: together. connect bones to other bone at joint. Cartilage They have Found in the Support and solid and nose, outer ear protection Supportive flexible and ends of long Connective matrix. bones. Tissue Bone Solid and Formed human Support, protection rigid matrix. skeleton system and movement Blood Consists of Contained in Transport of Fluid blood cells blood vessel substances. Connective and plasma. Tissue Lymph Derived from Contained in Plays a role in fluid, tissue fluid. lymphatic vessel ion, and pH balance within the body. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 2 of 9 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body Function: 1. Muscles are responsible for internal and external movement. 2. They are also responsible for heat production. Structure:
Muscular (contractile) tissue is composed of cells called muscle fibers.
Muscle fibers contain filaments made of proteins called actin and myosin.
The interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movement. Types of Muscles Three types of muscles are found in the human body. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac Muscles They attached to the bones They found in blood They are found only in the directly or via tendons. cells and walls of walls of the heart. digestive tract. e.g stomach, liver. They have striated cells with Their cells have no They have branching, multiple nuclei. striation. Each with a striated cell with a single (present dark and light band single nucleus. nucleus. and). They are voluntary muscles. They are involuntary They are involuntary (contraction is controlled by muscles. (contraction is muscle. brain) not controlled by brain) They move all bones as well as They are responsible They are responsible for face and the eyes. for the movement of pumping of blood. substance inside the body. They tire easily. They do not tire easily. Cardiac muscles do not tire. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 3 of 9 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons (noor-ahn) and several types of neuroglia. Neurons (noor-ahn) Function
Neurons conduct nerve impulses. Structure
A neuron is a specialized cell that has three parts: 1. Dendrites (den-dryt) 2. A cell body 3. An axon (ak-sahn (Fig. 4.6). 1. Dendrites
A dendrite is an extension that receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons. 2. Cell Body
The cell body contains most of the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 4 of 9 3. Axon
An axon is an extension that conducts nerve impulses.
Long axons are covered by myelin [my-uh-lin], which is a white fatty substance. Neuroglia
Neuroglia is cells that outnumber neurons nine to one and take up more than half the volume of the brain. Function
The primary function of Neuroglia is to support and nourishes neurons. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 5 of 9 4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects
Epithelial tissue, also called epithelium (pl., epithelia), consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. Functions 1. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines body cavities. 2. It has a protective function. 3. It can also be modified to carry out secretion, absorption, excretion, and filtration. Types of Epithelial Tissues
Based on the number of layers that make up epithelial tissues, they can be classified into two groups: 1. Simple Epithelium: A basement membrane + one layer of cells. 2. Stratified Epithelium: A basement membrane + many layers of cells.
Epithelial (Both Simple and Stratified) tissues can be further classified based on the shape of the cells that make up the tissue. Epithelial tissues. Classified by shape Simple/Stratified One or many layers of cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 6 of 9 Type of the Simple Description Location Function epithelium Simple squamous Single layer of flat Lining of lungs, Permits exchange of cells. blood vessel. gases. Simple cuboidal Single layer of Lining of Secretes and cube- shaped cells. kidneys and reabsorbs molecules. glands. Simple columnar Single layer of Lining of small Absorbs nutrients and rectangular cells. intestine and produces mucus. oviducts. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 7 of 9  Type of the Description Location Function Stratified epithelium Stratified squamous Many layer of flat Lining of nose, Protection against cells. mouth, esophagus, anal Infection. canal and vagina. Stratified cuboidal Many layer of cube- Sweat glands Protection shaped cells. Stratified columnar Many layers of Larynx Protection rectangular cells Pseudostratified Appears to be layer Lining of trachea Remove impurities columnar from trachea. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 8 of 9 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Body Membranes Body Cavities The human body is divided into two main cavities: 1. The ventral cavity 2. The dorsal cavity (Fig. 4.13a). 1. The ventral cavity It is called the coelom in early development, the ventral cavity later becomes the a) Thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick) The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a horizontal muscle called the diaphragm. b) Abdominal cavity (ab-DOM-ih-nal) The stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity. c) Pelvic cavity The pelvic cavity contains the rectum, the urinary bladder, the internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the small and large intestine. Males have an external extension of the abdominal wall called the scrotum, which contains the testes 2. The dorsal cavity has two parts. (a) The cranial cavity within the skull which contains the brain. (b) The vertebral canal, formed by the vertebrae which contain the spinal cord. Waheed Ahmad Baig, Biology Instructor Page 9 of 9