Farming Based Livelihood Systems PDF

Farming Based Livelihood Systems Chatper-4: Different Indicators to Study Livelihood System M. P. Parmar Assistant Professor & Head, Dairy Business Management Division, College of Dairy Science,...

Farming Based Livelihood Systems Chatper-4: Different Indicators to Study Livelihood System M. P. Parmar Assistant Professor & Head, Dairy Business Management Division, College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Amreli  Indicators are “measurable variables” for evaluation the performance of something (de olde et al., 2016). Generally, indicators are part of a larger sustainability framework, which includes dimension (e.g., environment, economic, and social) and themes (e.g., waste and greenhouse gas emissions) (de olde et al., 2016; kouchner et al., 2019). In both standard and assessment initiatives, indicators are the mechanism through which sustainability is operationalized in that they translate the various themes into measurable variables. Specifically, in assessment initiatives, indicators define the aspects of sustainability that farmers are to measure, plans, and measurement and how they are to measure them. In standard initiatives, indicators delineate the sustainability practices, farmers need to implement in order to be certified as sustainable.  Indicators that can be used to measure livelihood systems in India: 1. Accessibility to resources:  Institutions: These include local administration, non-government organization (NGOs), and state agencies, which determine rules and regulations, land tenure, and the market.  Social and political organization: These include civil society, which influences access to resources through people and people’s movements.  Social relations: gender, class, age, and ethnicity which affect how different groups within a community live.  Access to natural resources: Access to land, water, forest, fisheries, and pastures is essential for sustainable poverty reduction.  Access to financial resources: financial resources can help improve livelihoods.  Access to education and training: education and training can help improve livelihoods.  Access to nutrition: Improved access to nutrition can help improve livelihoods.  Social environment: A more supportive and cohesive social environment can help in improve livelihoods.  2. Livelihood diversity:  Mixed crop-livestock farming: India practices mixed crop- livestock farming, with cattle goats, and fowl being common.  Livestock: Livestock provides stability in income, food security, transport, fuel, and nutrition for rural families.  Poultry: poultry accounts for the largest share of livestock in India.  Handicrafts: handicrafts are a significant source of income in rural areas, and include pottery making, basket making, weaving, printing, and painting.  Farm-to non-farm: some people have diversified from farm to non-farm activities, such as trading milk, running tea stalls, and opening small restaurants.  Farm diversification: farm diversification is a strategy for fostering economic growth and development in hilly regions. This includes shifting from traditional crops to more valuable ones, and engaging in addition activities like dairy farming, poultry, and fishery.  3. Adaptive capacity: Adaptive capacity is the ability of a system or institution to adjust to and respond to potential damage. It is important because change is ongoing and uncertain, and international transformation takes time.  Invest in protective actions: Individuals can invest in actions to minimize future losses to assets, lives, health, income and finance.  Access public goods: Individuals can benefit from public goods created by the government or non-government institutions. These include disaster shelters, loan finance, and improved information dissemination on weather forecasts.  Improve infrastructure: Physical and financial infrastructure development can help enhance adaptive capacity.  4] Disaster risk reduction: Measure taken to mitigate disasters might be either structure (like flood dikes) or non- structural (e.g. land use zoning). Hazard mapping, Adoption, and enforcement of land use and zoning practices, and implementing and enforcing building codes are some disaster mitigation strategies.  Impacts of a disaster: Natural disasters can drastically alter the lives of people and families fortunate enough to survive them. However, the impact of a natural disaster can frequently affect an entire nation as well as communities, cities, and states. Some of the serve impacts of disasters are 1) Injuries 2) Death 3) Psychological distress 4) Unemployment 5) Loss of livelihood 6) Destruction 7) Loss of financial Resources 8) Social and economic Disruption 9) Environment Damage  Disaster management in India: India has a history of being extremely vulnerable to natural disaster. The Indian government has changed how disaster management is thought about during the last few years. Elements of disaster Management in India: There are 4 elements of disaster management in India: 1) Risk Reduction: Risk is a measurement of the anticipated losses resulting from a hazardous occurrence of a specific size occurring in a given location over a defined time frame. Disaster risk reduction is the idea and practice of lowering the risks associated with disasters by systematic attempts to identify and reduce the cause of disasters 2) Mitigation: Disaster mitigation strategies remove or reduce the consequences and risks of hazards by preventative actions performed before an emergency or disaster happens. 3) Quick Response: Quick response is an important element of disaster management in India. It is associated with emergency response systems and reduces or avoids the damages caused by disasters. 4) Recovery: The implantation of short-term actions that restore essential information and records together with the return of regular business operating producers and practices is part of the recovery phase. In this phase, the damage is evaluated, stabilization and recovery methods are used, records, information, and equipment are restored, and operations are resumed.  Disaster Management in India: Stages Disaster management in India constitutes 3 important phases:  Pre Disaster: To reduce the probability that hazards may cause losses to people, property, or the environment and to make sure that these losses are reduced during a disaster.  During a Disaster: To reduce victims’ suffering by ensuring the satisfaction of victims’ needs and necessities.  Post Disaster: To accomplish a quick and lasting recovery that does not repeat the initial vulnerable circumstances.  5) Survival and live hoods protection threshold:  Survival thresholds: The total income needed to cover the minimum food energy needs, food preparations and consumption costs, and water for human consumption.  Livelihoods protection threshold: The total expenditure needed to ensure basic survival, maintain access to basic services, and sustain livelihoods in the medium to longer term. When a household’s total income falls below the livelihoods protection threshold, it may indicate that the household is forgoing necessary investments in their regular income generating activities and basic services.  6) Ownership and access to productive assets: This includes the percentage of households that are able to protect, replace, increase, or improve their productive assets. Physical assets include land, buildings, livestock, agricultural implements and machinery, non-farm business equipment, transport equipment and household durables while shares, deposits, cash & kind dues receivable and cash in hand were considered under financial assets.  7) Productivity enhancement:  Agricultural research and extension: Strengthening agricultural research and extension systems, is important for agricultural growth.  Irrigation: Expanding and using small and large scale irrigation can increase agricultural productivity.  Cooperative farming: uniting scattered lands under a cooperative farming system can encourage farmers and increase productivity.  Agricultural education: Promoting distance education and organizing “Kisan Choupal “to solve farmer’s problems can help improve agricultural productivity.  Mechanization: Providing sub slides on agricultural machinery can help instead farmers.  Organic farming: Promoting organic farming can help improve farming.  National food security mission: The national food security mission has increased the production and productivity of oilseeds, reducing the import burden.  Livestock development and fisheries: Enhancing income threw livestock development and fisheries can help improve food security.  Food management: Using technology in food management and computerizing the targeted public distribution system can help improve food security  8) Access to livelihood support services and markets:  Access Livelihoods Consulting India (ALC India): A social enterprise that offers services to marginalized producers, including small and marginal farmers, weavers, tribals, and small livestock holders. ALC India’s services include:  Access Tribal Livelihood Services (ATLS): Offers professional services, including consulting and incubation services, to promote tribal enterprises.  Risk management solutions: Helps organizations avoid, mitigate, and identify risks, and recommend risk protection solutions.  Infrastructure services: Helps with infrastructure needs assessment, planning, financing, and vendor identification.  IT consulting and application development: Helps stakeholders in the livelihoods sector understand technology and realize new possibilities.