Farming Based Livelihood Systems 3 (2+1) PDF

Farming Based Livelihood Systems 3 (2+1) Chatper-1: Status of Agriculture in India & different States M. P. Parmar Assistant Professor & Head, Dairy Business Management Division, College o...

Farming Based Livelihood Systems 3 (2+1) Chatper-1: Status of Agriculture in India & different States M. P. Parmar Assistant Professor & Head, Dairy Business Management Division, College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Amreli  Indian Agriculture Indian agriculture begun around 11,000 years before present with the domestication of animals and early cultivation of plants found place in the ancient scripts of Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana and Mahabharata. Agriculture in India has been a complex mosaic of district agro- ecosystems, differentiated by climate, soil, vegetation and other natural features. Food shortage in Pre-Independent India caused serious impacts as agriculture was monsoon-dependent and unfavourable rains and natural calamities resulted in crop failures.  After Independent, Agriculture as the Most Prioritized sector. "Everything else can wait, but not agriculture". Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The food grain production was merely 51 million tons(Mt) in 1950/51 and increased over 6 times to over 314 Mt in 2022. The country became the largest producer of milk, pulses and jute and the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, fruits and vegetables in the world.  We are now reimagining the Indian agriculture and prioritized for enhancing farmers income (200%), reducing fertilizer use (25%) and water use (20%), increasing use of renewable energy (50%), reducing greenhouse gas emission intensity (45%) and rehabilitating degraded land of 26 million ha (Mha). A multi-pronged strategy with integration, diversification, customization, farm mechanization, value addition and market access are the way forward to realize the full potentials of Indian farming with focus on profitable commercialization and export, ecosystem approach, sustainable agri-food system involving smart farmers and farming, post-harvest value addition and entrepreneurship engaging youth and women.  Agricultural research in India Establishment of Imperial Council of Agricultural Research ICAR (1929) in Delhi. Now, The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established on 16th July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. With 113 ICAR research institutes and 74 agricultural universities, 4 deemed university, 3 central universities, and 731 Krishi Vigyan Kendra spread across the country this is one of the largest national agricultural systems in the world. It’s headquartered situated at New Delhi. It is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country. The ICAR has played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution India, approx. 30,000 scientists and more 1 lakh technical staff in Indian National Agricultural Research & Education System (NARES). Landmark achievements in Indian agriculture In the year 1950-51, have been producing about 135Mt from agriculture and allied sectors. In 2021-22, total production of food and non-food items was about 1300 Mt. This achievement is one amongst the very few noticeable landmarks in the history of Independent India. There has been multi-fold increase in the production of all the commodities, in spite the net sown area remaining almost constant at about 140 Mha. Rainbow Revolution indicate various farm practices such as Green Revolution (Foodgrains), White Revolution (Milk), Yellow Revolution (Oil seeds), Blue Revolution (Fisheries); Golden Revolution (Fruits); Silver Revolution (Eggs), Revolution (Potato), Pink Revolution (Meat), Grey Revolution (Fertilizers)  India now is one of the largest agri-producers globally, ranking with the top 5 countries. These have enabled not only self-sufficiency in food but also export of agri-commodities worth US$ 50 billion. Food shortage in pre-independent India: Agriculture was monsoon- dependent and unfavorable rains and natural calamities resulted in crop failures. The planning process in independent India: It identified agriculture as the most prioritized sector and emphasized that ‘everything can wait but agriculture’. Increase in the food grain production: From merely 51 million tons (Mt) in 1950/51 increased over 6 times to over 314 Mt in 2022.  India is a global agricultural powerhouse. It is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices, and has the world’s largest cattle herd (buffaloes). It is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, farmed fish, sheep & goat meat, fruit, vegetables and tea. The country has some 195 m ha under cultivation of which some 63 percent are rainfed (roughly 125m ha) while 37 percent are irrigated (70m ha).  Agricultural Production and Yields Top 10 Leading Agricultural States of India 1) Punjab: Known as the “Granary of India,” Punjab is renowned for its wheat and rice production. It is also a major producer of cotton and sugarcane. 2) Uttar Pradesh: This state is the largest producer of sugarcane, wheat, and potatoes in India. It also contributes significantly to the production of rice, pulses, and oilseeds. 3) Maharashtra: Maharashtra is the leading producer of cotton, sugarcane, and grapes in India. It is also known for its production of rice, wheat, and pulses. 4) Madhya Pradesh: This state is a major producer of soybeans, wheat, and pulses. It also contributes to the production of rice, cotton, and sugarcane. 5) Rajasthan: Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra (pearl millet) in India. It is also known for its production of wheat, pulses, and oilseeds. 6) Bihar: Bihar is a major producer of rice, wheat, and maize. It also contributes to the production of pulses, oilseeds, and sugarcane. 7) Andhra Pradesh: This state is known for its production of rice, sugarcane, and cotton. It also contributes to the production of chillies, tobacco, and oilseeds. 8) Karnataka: Karnataka is a major producer of coffee, sugarcane, and rice. It is also known for its production of cotton, pulses, and oilseeds. 9) Tamil Nadu: This state is the leading producer of coconuts, bananas, and sugarcane in India. It also contributes to the production of rice, pulses, and oilseeds. 10) West Bengal: West Bengal is a major producer of rice, jute, and tea. It also contributes to the production of wheat, pulses, and oilseeds.  Top 3 Rice-Producing States of India India is the world’s largest producer of rice, accounting for over 25% of global production. 1) West Bengal: West Bengal is the largest rice-producing state in India, contributing around 15% to the country’s total production. 2) Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh ranks second in rice production in India, contributing around 12% to the country’s total output. 3) Punjab: Punjab is another major rice-producing state in India, contributing around 10% to the country’s total production. These three states account for over 35% of India’s total rice production. Other significant rice-producing states include Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Bihar.  Top 3 Wheat-Producing States of India India is one of the largest producers of wheat in the world. 1. Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh is the largest wheat-producing state in India, contributing around 30-35% of the country’s total wheat production. 2. Punjab: Punjab is another major wheat-producing state in India, accounting for approximately 20-25% of the country’s total wheat production. 3. Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh ranks third in wheat production in India, contributing around 15-20% of the country’s total wheat output. These three states together account for more than 60% of India’s total wheat production. Top 3 Maize-Producing States of I ndia Maize, also known as corn, is a widely cultivated cereal grain that serves as a staple food for millions of people around the world. In India, maize is an important crop grown in various regions, contributing significantly to the country’s agricultural production. 1. Karnataka: The state has favorable climatic conditions and fertile soils, making it suitable for maize cultivation. 2. Maharashtra: The state has a significant area under maize cultivation, particularly in the western and central regions. 3. Andhra Pradesh: The state has suitable agro-climatic conditions Top 3 Total Food Grains-Producing States of India India is the world’s second-largest producer of food grains, after China. The country produces a wide variety of food grains, including rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, and pulses. 1) Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh is the largest food grains-producing state in India. The state produces a wide variety of food grains, including rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, and pulses. In 2020- 21, Uttar Pradesh produced a total of 109.4 million tonnes of food grains. 2) Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh is the second-largest food grains-producing state in India. The state produces a wide variety of food grains, including rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, and pulses. In 2020-21, Madhya Pradesh produced a total of 89.4 million tonnes of food grains. 3) Rajasthan: Rajasthan is the third-largest food grains-producing state in India. The state produces a wide variety of food grains, including rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, and pulses. In 2020- 21, Rajasthan produced a total of 78.4 million tonnes of food grains.