Pest Management Guide (Abu Dhabi University PDF)

Pest Management Chapters 33 – Food Safety and Management College of Health Sciences Food Safety and Management EHS 310 Fall 2024-2025  Outline 1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches B- Houseflies C- Fruit Flies D- Ant...

Pest Management Chapters 33 – Food Safety and Management College of Health Sciences Food Safety and Management EHS 310 Fall 2024-2025  Outline 1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches B- Houseflies C- Fruit Flies D- Ants E- Chemical Insect Destruction F- Non-Chemical Insect Destruction 2. Rodents Control A- Rats B- Mice C- How to Determine Rodent Infestation? D- How to Control Rodents? E- Rodents Eradication 3. Birds Control  Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Have a basic understanding of the 1 characteristics of pest contamination sources. Have a comprehensive knowledge of safe 2 and effective examination and control procedures.  1. Insect Control Arthropods Cockroaches Houseflies Fruit Flies Ants  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches Are the most common pests among food processing plants and foodservice facilities throughout the world. Carry and spread various disease organisms. ❑ Approximately 50 different microorganisms such as Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, etc. Spread undesirable organisms through contact with food, especially through biting and chewing. Control of these pests is essential!  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches What do Cockroaches Feed on? They feed mainly on carbohydrates (preferable). They can also feed on any substance that humans will consume, as well as on human waste, decaying materials, dead insects (including other cockroaches), shoe linings, and paper and wood materials. Young cockroaches begin feeding on the same material as the adults shortly after they hatch.  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches Are most active in dark, warm areas Where do We Find Cockroaches? and at night, when less human activities exist May be found in any location Their favorite harborages are where food is being processed, small spaces in and between stored, prepared, or served equipment and shelves, and under shelf liners.  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches How do They Multiply? They multiply rapidly by monthly production of small egg cases (containing 15 to 40 eggs). They live up to over a year and mate several times.  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches They come out into light How and When do We Find Them? They appear when they when they need food are forced out by other that is not in these cockroaches. areas. They deposit their feces Check them by entering almost everywhere they a darkened production have visited (small, or storage area and black or brown, and turning on the lights almost spherical).  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches How do We Control Them? Identification of the specific kind of cockroach can aid in the determination of the control technique. Through filling cracks in Elimination of debris and floors and walls with maintenance of a tidy Through use of chemicals and effective sanitation operation caulking or other sealants Through sealing spaces where large pieces of equipment are improperly fitted to their bases or to the floor  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches How do We Control Them? These pests require food, water, and a sheltered hiding place. Use only sodium-vapor bulbs (yellow lights) exterior lightings to attract fewer insects than the standard incandescent-type. Thoroughly examine incoming materials and remove any insects or eggs. Remove cartons and boxes from the premises as soon as the supplies have been unpacked.  1. Insect Control A- Cockroaches How do We Control Them? Chemical control (Diazinon, Dursban, Cyfluthrin/Raid) can be handled through a pest control operator. But integrated chemical control and sanitary practices can be more effective and more economical. Cockroaches become inactive at approximately 5 C => refrigerated areas will reduce infestation. Cockroach control is usually based on the use of baits and bait stations.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies Arthropods Cockroaches Houseflies Fruit Flies Ants The most common of the seasonal insects in foodservice and food processing plants  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies Dangers of Houseflies There are an even greater pest than the cockroach to all segments of the community. They transmit a variety of pathogenic organisms to humans and their food. Examples are human diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, diarrhea, and streptococcal and staphylococcal infections.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies How do Houseflies Transmit Diseases? They feed on animal and human wastes. They collect pathogenic microorganisms on the feet, mouth, wings, and gut. They deposit pathogens when the fly crawls on food or in the fly excrement.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies How do Houseflies Eat? Must take nourishment in liquid form Secrete saliva on solid food and let the food dissolve before consumption Fly spittle, or vomitus, is loaded with bacteria that contaminate food, equipment, supplies, and utensils.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies How do Houseflies Live? Found throughout the world and their control is a challenge Reside in warm locations protected from wind such as electric wires and garbage can rims. More abundant in the late summer and fall Flies are most active in a 12 to 35 oC environment. Below 6 oC, they are inactive.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies How do Houseflies Live? Heat paralysis sets in at When adult flies enter buildings for approximately 40 oC and death food and shelter, these pests can occur at 49 oC. generally remain. Below -5 oC, death can occur Houseflies lay an average of 120 within a few hours. eggs within a week of mating and can produce thousands of offspring during a single breeding season.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies Prompt and thorough removal of waste materials (closed How to Control Houseflies? containers/refrigerated) from food areas Through prevention of Air screens, mesh houseflies’ entry: screens, and double doors discourage fly entry Doors should be opened for receiving and/or shipping for a minimal amount of time, and air screens should be operational.  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies Self-closing doors should remain open for a minimal amount of time. How to Control Houseflies? Use of an electric flytrap Through prevention of or other commercial traps => attract adult flies to houseflies’ entry: blue light (used all day, cleaned daily) Use of chemicals (pyrethrins)/ flytrap containing insecticide nithiazine effective against fly control outside of buildings  1. Insect Control B- Houseflies Self-closing doors should remain open for a minimal amount of time. How to Control Houseflies? Use of an electric flytrap Through prevention of or other commercial traps => attract adult flies to houseflies’ entry: blue light (used all day, cleaned daily) Use of chemicals (pyrethrins)/ flytrap containing insecticide nithiazine effective against fly control outside of buildings  1. Insect Control C- Fruit Flies Arthropods Cockroaches Houseflies Fruit Flies Ants The most common of the seasonal insects in foodservice and food processing plants  1. Insect Control C- Fruit Flies Are smaller than the housefly Are also considered seasonal and most abundant in late summer and fall Are attracted to fruits, especially decaying fruits. Are not attracted to sewage or animal waste; thus, they carry less harmful bacteria  1. Insect Control C- Fruit Flies Adult fruit flies are approximately 2-3 mm long, with red eyes and light-brown bodies. The life cycle and feeding habits of fruit flies are similar to those of houseflies. Life span is ~ 1 month. Total eradication is difficult (mesh and air screens/electric traps). Most effective method is to avoid accumulation of rotting fruits and fermenting foods.  1. Insect Control D- Ants Arthropods Cockroaches Houseflies Fruit Flies Ants  1. Insect Control D- Ants Ants frequently nest in walls, especially around heat sources such as hot- water pipes. Sponges saturated with syrup should be placed in a number of locations to serve as bait in determining where the insecticides should be applied. Because ants, beetles, and moths can thrive on very small amounts of food, good housekeeping and proper storage of food and supplies are essential safeguards.  1. Insect Control E- Chemical Insect Destruction Residual pesticides Non-residual pesticides (Diazinon) (Raid/Pyrethrin) Fumigants to control insects attacking stored products. By blocking oxygen/acting on the respiratory enzymes Examples: Phosphine/ Methyl bromide  1. Insect Control F- Non-Chemical Insect Destruction Baits (insect attracting food + Insect light traps Sticky traps insecticide): liquid or solid Biological Pheromone control: traps methylbromide 2. Rodents Control  2. Rodents Control Rodents Characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws Examples: rats, mice  2. Rodents Control Rodents Rodents are difficult to control because they: have highly developed senses of hearing, touch, and smell. can effectively identify new or unfamiliar objects in their environment and protect themselves against these changes in the surroundings.  2. Rodents Control A- Rats Enter small Climb vertically places Strong swimmers Jump up to 1 m => found in floor vertically and 1.2 drains and toilet m horizontally bowl traps  2. Rodents Control A- Rats Why are Rats a Risk? Can contaminate food and spread lot of diseases Destructive of property/electric wires (fire) Rat infestation leads to serious health hazards such as leptospirosis, typhus, salmonellosis. There are millions of pathogens in a rat dropping that can spread by air and contaminate food, utensils, and equipment's (especially if dry).  2. Rodents Control A- Rats Female rats get Reproduce 4- Produce 6-8 fertile within 6-8 7x/year => 20 young/litter weeks offspring's/year If they receive If food not available, adequate food, they they adjust their will not move > 50 location m from their nests.  2. Rodents Control B- Mice Enter a building through a hole as small as nickel Skilled swimmers (floor drains, toilet bowl traps) Have an excellent sense of balance Like rats, filthy and spread diseases Attain maturity within 1.5 month Female mice give birth to 5-6 youngs/litter Reproduce up to 8x/year => 30-35 youngs/year Don’t need a source of water, they can survive on water that they metabolize from food sources Drink liquids if available Easily carried in crates and cartons  2. Rodents Control C- How to Determine Rodent Infestation? Rats and mice are nocturnal animals => their presence is not always and immediately detected. Fecal dropping is the most common way of determining.  2. Rodents Control C- How to Determine Rodent Infestation? Fecal dropping Rats 13-19 mm in length, up to 6 mm in diameter Mice 3 mm in length, 1 mm in diameter Black and shiny with a pasty consistency when fresh Dry if old, falls apart, brown in color Bumping noise Damage to property via their incision teeth (wires, wood remains)  2. Rodents Control D- Rodents Control Rodents Control Most effective: Proper sanitation Prevention of entry Poisons and traps: temporary reduction in rodent population if not coupled with effective sanitation Elimination of rodent shelter Elimination of rodent’s food sources  2. Rodents Control D- How to Control Rodents? Prevention of Entry: Elimination of all possible entrances Cover poorly fitting doors/holes with concrete to block entry Cover vents, drains, and windows with screens Repair decaying things => facilitate entry of rodents Raised outside equipment 23-30 cm above ground to prevent rodent harborage Build grass-free area(0.6x0.9m) around buildings to prevent weeds and rodents  2. Rodents Control D- How to Control Rodents? Eliminate hiding places Prevention of Entry: Elimination of rodent shelter Store foodstuffs on racks at least 15 cm above the floor or away from the walls Introduction of white strip around the edge of the floor reminding workers to stack products away from the walls Organize and clean crowded storage rooms Get rid of garbage  2. Rodents Control D- How to Control Rodents? Prevention of Entry: Crowded storage Elimination of rodent shelter rooms with poor house keeping Crowded storage rooms with poor sanitation Storage rooms with garbage => should be stored 0.5 m above ground  2. Rodents Control D- How to Control Rodents? Proper storage of food Prevention of Entry: and supplies (tightly sealed in containers) Elimination of rodent of rodent food sources Effective cleaning of spills Regular sweeping of floors Frequent removal of waste material  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Poisoning Rodents Eradication Gassing Trapping Ultrasonic devices  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Poisoning: Effective method; however, caution should be taken Poison baits are hazardous if consumed by humans.  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Poisoning: Anticoagulants: prevent the formation of blood clots and cause smaller capillaries to rupture => animal internally bleeds to death over the period of a few days to a week Examples: Fumarin, warfarin, pival, chlorophacinone Multi-dose poisons that should be consumed several times before death occurs Should be prepared and applied according to directions Applied near feeding sites and along rodent runways  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Poisoning: Fresh bait should be put out daily and for at least 2 weeks, available in different forms: Bait ready-to-use salts mixed pellet form baits with water If baits not consumed after 2 or more inspections, baits should be relocated.  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Poisoning: If immediate death is required, red squill and zinc phosphide are available (single dose). They can be mixed with bait (meat, cornmeal, peanut butter, etc.) In general, baits should be deposited in several locations. Previous experience help rodents especially rats to avoid baits Mice are eradicated with almost same poisons used for rats except for red squill. In addition to baits, powders can be used to eradicate rodents.  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Gassing: Used when other eradication methods are ineffective Use of methyl bromide in rodent burrows by an expert/exterminator Burrows not gassed if they are < 6 m from a building => extension to a closely located building  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Trapping: Slow but generally safe method Choose strategic locations Traps should be checked daily. Trapped rodents should be removed. Baits should be replaced. Trapping is considered a supplement to other methods. Examples: Glue board  2. Rodents Control E- Rodents Eradication Ultrasonic Devices: Use sound waves to repel the entry of rodents Reduce the number of rodents but not always effective => ignore the sound  3. Birds Control Birds such as pigeons, starlings, and sparrows may present problems for the food facility. Droppings carry microorganisms that can be hazardous to humans (salmonellosis, viral encephalitis). Birds are potential carriers of mites and insects.  3. Birds Control Birds can be reduced through proper management and sanitation. Eliminate holes and gaps in buildings and on walls Installation of screens on doors, windows, and ventilation openings Installation of traps Use of electric wires! Use of exterminator via safe use of chemicals => bird control (most effective)(Strychnine) Removal of bird nests and destroying them with water Questions? Thank you