Chapter 3: Spectrum of Health PDF

PRINCIPLE OF HEALTHCARE BHCM4013 DR. AHMAD SYAHID MOHD FADZIL, CMgr CCMI MBBS (MALAYA), MBA (MALAYA-WALES), BIOMED SC (MALAYA), DIP FOOTBALL MED (FIFA), DIP SMLP (CMI UK) Clinician-Academician, School of Management & Digital Health, KPJ Healthcare University Sports Clinician (Cardiology) & Football...

PRINCIPLE OF HEALTHCARE BHCM4013 DR. AHMAD SYAHID MOHD FADZIL, CMgr CCMI MBBS (MALAYA), MBA (MALAYA-WALES), BIOMED SC (MALAYA), DIP FOOTBALL MED (FIFA), DIP SMLP (CMI UK) Clinician-Academician, School of Management & Digital Health, KPJ Healthcare University Sports Clinician (Cardiology) & Football Physician (FIFA) National Advocate, Digital Health & AI Medicine CHAPTER 3: SPECTRUM OF HEALTH  DEFINITION OF SPECTRUM* A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum. The word was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light after passing through a prism. Spectrum of health is the health condition that any of individual had whether from good to worse or vice versa. SPECTRUM OF HEALTH CONCEPT** Positive health Better health Freedom from sickness Unrecognized sickness Mild sickness Severe sickness Death  SPECTRUM OF HEALTH CONCEPT** Health ups and downs → within a range of optimum well-being to various level of dysfunction Spectral concept of health emphasizes that – the health of an individual is not static – it is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change, subject to frequent subtle variations Health is a state not to be attained once and for all, but ever to be renewed.  SPECTRUM OF HEALTH CONCEPT** Spectrum of Disease Sub-Clinical Infection Clinical Infection Mild Illness Severe Illness Disease Fatal Illness Death NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE  NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE* The word natural history of disease is the key concept in epidemiology It signifies the way in which a disease evolves over time → from the earliest stage of its pre-pathogenesis phase → to its termination as its recovery → OR disability or death, in the absence of treatment or prevention NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE*  NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE* Natural history of disease consist of two phases: * a) Pre-Pathogenesis Phase (the process in the environment) b) Pathogenesis Phase (the process in man/host)  NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE* a) Pre-Pathogenesis Phase The process in environment Refers to the period of preliminary illness to the onset of disease in man The disease agent has not yet entered man but the factors which favour the onset already existing in the environment (e.g. living in pandemic area) Causative factors of disease Three factors referred as epidemiological triad: agent, host and environment. Operating in combination, these factors causes not only single case to epidemics, but also the distribution of disease in community  NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE* b) Pathogenesis Phase Begins with the entry of the disease “agent” in the susceptible host The disease progresses through incubation period, early and late pathogenesis Final outcome: Recovery Death Disability The infection in the host may be clinical, sub-clinical, the host may become carrier with or without having developed disease. THE NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM  THE NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM** GOAL → Improve access to comprehensive, quality health care services Why is access to health services important? Access to health services means "the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes." It requires 3 distinct steps: * * 1. Gaining entry into the health care system (through government subsidy or insurance coverage) 2. Accessing a location where needed health care services are provided (geographic availability) 3. Finding a health care provider whom the patient trusts and can communicate with (personal relationship)  THE NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM** Barriers to health services include: * High cost of care Inadequate fund or no insurance coverage Lack of availability of services Lack of culturally competent care (e.g. cultural or language barrier)  THE NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM** These barriers to accessing health services led to: Unmet health needs Delays in receiving appropriate care Inability to get preventive services Financial burdens Preventable hospitalizations  THE NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM** HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE helps patients gain entry into the health care system. Lack of adequate coverage makes it difficult for people to get the health care they need and, when they do get care, burdens them with large medical bills. Uninsured people are* More likely to have poor health status Less likely to receive medical care More likely to be diagnosed later More likely to die prematurely  THE NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM** HEALTHCARE SERVICES Having a Primary Care Provider (PCP) who serves as the usual source of care is especially important. PCPs can develop meaningful and sustained relationships with patients and provide integrated services while practicing in the context of family and community. Having a usual PCP is associated with: Greater patient trust in the provider Better patient-provider communication Increased likelihood that patients will receive appropriate care Lower mortality from all causes THE MONITORING AND REGULATORY BODIES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM  THE MONITORING AND REGULATORY BODIES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Regulation plays a major role in the health care industry and health care insurance coverage. The various regulatory bodies protect the public from a number of health risks and provide numerous programs for public health and welfare. Together, these regulatory agencies protect and regulate public health at every level. Health care regulations are developed and implemented not only by all levels of government (federal, state and local) but by private organizations as well.  THE MONITORING AND REGULATORY BODIES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM International (U.S.) Bodies U.S. Body Role Oversees Medicare (elderly/disabled) and Medicaid Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) (low-income individuals and families) Medicare Health coverage for the elderly and disabled Medicaid Health coverage for low-income individuals and families State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Health insurance coverage for children under 19 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Protects health data privacy and security (HIPAA) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Research and improvement of healthcare quality Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Accreditation and certification of healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) organizations National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) Establishes standards for healthcare quality  THE MONITORING AND REGULATORY BODIES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Malaysian Bodies Malaysian Body Role Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) Oversees national healthcare services, policies, and public healthcare Social Security Organization (SOCSO/PERKESO) Provides health coverage for workers and benefits for the disabled Public Healthcare System Provides highly subsidized healthcare for low-income families and individuals Government Clinics (Klinik Kesihatan) Offers free or subsidized healthcare services, including for children under 19 Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) Regulates the protection of personal data, including health information Institute for Health Systems Research (IHSR) Focuses on research and improvement of healthcare systems Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) National body for accreditation and quality improvement of healthcare facilities Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Conducts clinical research to improve healthcare outcomes  Provision of Healthcare in Malaysia The goal of health services provision is to improve health outcomes in the population and to respond to people's expectations, while reducing inequalities in both health and responsiveness. Thus, in Malaysia, all citizens are entitled to received treatment at public hospitals. Besides, citizens who has personal insurance also eligible to received the same treatment and equally. END OF CHAPTER 3  Tutorial 3: SPECTRUM OF HEALTH What is the abbreviation of following terms and identify the nature work of it. (i) HIPAA (ii) AHRQ (iii) JCAHO (iv) NCQA