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CCCN 422 Wireless Communication Networks Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih Assistant Professor [email protected] @modditto Lecture Outline ▪ Wide Area Wireless Access • • • • • • • Principle of cellular networks 1G: Analog 2G Network: GSM, IS-95(CDMA) 2.5G Network: GPRS / EDGE 3G Network: CDMA2000, WCDMA...

CCCN 422 Wireless Communication Networks Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih Assistant Professor [email protected] @modditto Lecture Outline ▪ Wide Area Wireless Access • • • • • • • Principle of cellular networks 1G: Analog 2G Network: GSM, IS-95(CDMA) 2.5G Network: GPRS / EDGE 3G Network: CDMA2000, WCDMA LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 5G Network Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ LTE-Advanced • So far we have studied 3GPP Release 8 - Releases 9-12 have been issued • Release 10 meets the ITU 4G guidelines - Took on the name LTE-Advanced • Key improvements - Carrier aggregation MIMO enhancements to support higher dimensional MIMO Relay nodes Heterogeneous networks involving small cells such as femtocells, picocells, and relays - Cooperative multipoint transmission and enhanced intercell interference coordination - Voice over LTE Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ Carrier Aggregation • Ultimate goal of LTE-Advanced is 100 MHz bandwidth - Combine up to 5 component carriers (CCs) - Each CC can be 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz - Up to 100 MHz • Three approaches to combine CCs - Intra-band Contiguous: carriers adjacent to each other - Intra-band noncontiguous: Multiple CCs belonging to the same band are used in a noncontiguous manner - Inter-band noncontiguous: Use different bands Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ Enhanced MIMO • Expanded to 8 × 8 for 8 parallel layers • Or multi-user MIMO can allow up to 4 mobiles to receive signals simultaneously - eNodeB can switch between single user and multi-user every subframe • Downlink reference signals to measure channels are key to MIMO functionality - UEs recommend MIMO, precoding, modulation, and coding schemes - Reference signals sent on dynamically assigned subframes and resource blocks Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ Relaying • Relay nodes (RNs) extend the coverage area of an eNodeB - Receive, demodulate and decode the data from a UE - Apply error correction as needed - Then transmit a new signal to the base station • An RN functions as a new base station with smaller cell radius • RNs can use out-of-band or inband frequencies Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ Heterogeneous networks • It is increasingly difficult to meet data transmission demands in densely populated areas • Small cells provide low-powered access nodes - Operate in licensed or unlicensed spectrum - Range of 10 m to several hundred meters indoors or outdoors - Best for low speed or stationary users • Macro cells provide typical cellular coverage - Range of several kilometers - Best for highly mobile users Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks • Femtocell - Low-power, short-range self-contained base station - In residential homes, easily deployed and use the home’s broadband for backhaul - Also in enterprise or metropolitan locations • Network densification is the process of using small cells - Issues: Handovers, frequency reuse, QoS, security • A network of large and small cells is called a heterogeneous network (HetNet) Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception • Release 8 provides intercell interference coordination (ICIC) - Small cells create new interference problems - Release 10 provides enhanced ICIC to manage this interference • Release 11 implemented Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception (CoMP) - To control scheduling across distributed antennas and cells - Coordinated scheduling/coordinated beamforming (CS/CB) steers antenna beam nulls and mainlobes - Joint processing (JT) transmits data simultaneously from multiple transmission points to the same UE - Dynamic point selection (DPS) transmits from multiple transmission points but only one at a time Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks ▪ Voice over LTE • The GSM Association is the cellular industry’s main trade association - GSM Association documents provide additional specifications for issues that 3GPP specifications left as implementation options. • Defined profiles and services for Voice over LTE (VoLTE) • Uses the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) to control delivery of voice over IP streams - IMS is not part of LTE, but a separate network - IMS is mainly concerned with signaling. • The GSM Association also specifies services beyond voice, such as video calls, instant messaging, chat, and file transfer in what is known as the Rich Communication Services (RCS). Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks 5G Network ▪ 5G Comparing 4G Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih 5G Network ▪ 5G aims to cater for services with diverse requirements Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks 5G Network Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih 5G Network ▪ Key enabling technologies Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih 5G Network ▪ 5G overall architecture Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih 5G Network ▪ Software Defined Network (SDN) separates the control and data planes and allows for network programmability Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih 5G Network ▪ Network Function virtualization (NFV) decouples Implementation of network functions from hardware Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih software 5G Network ▪ 5G will have several deployment scenarios Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih Thank you Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 1) ____________ is used for communicating over large distances wirelessly such as cities or countries. a. Cellular network b. WiMAX network c. Wireless Local Area Network d. All the above 2) A mobile phone uses ___________ type of duplex communication. a. Half b. Full c. Zero d. Both a and b Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 3) IEEE 802.11 standard is classified as a. Wireless LAN b. Wireless MAN c. Wireless WAN d. Wireless PAN 4) 4G cellular network is classified as a. Wireless LAN b. Wireless MAN c. Wireless WAN d. Wireless PAN Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 5) WIMAX standard is classified as a. Wireless LAN b. Wireless MAN c. Wireless WAN d. Wireless PAN 6) In ___________, cells are divided into number of wedge-shaped sectors, each with their own set of channels a. Cell sectoring b. Cell splitting c. Frequency borrowing d. None of above Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 7) In ___________, cells in areas of high usage can be split into smaller cells. a. Cell sectoring b. Cell splitting c. Frequency borrowing d. None of above 8) The step when the MTSO sends a paging message to certain BSs to find the called mobile unit is ___________. a. Mobile unit initialization b. Mobile-originated call c. Paging d. Handoff Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 9) The probability of a new call being blocked, due to heavy load on the BS traffic capacity is known as __________. a. Call blocking probability b. Call dropping probability c. Call completion probability d. Handoff blocking probability 10) The probability that, due to a handoff, a call is terminated is known as ___________. a. Call blocking probability b. Call dropping probability c. Call completion probability d. Handoff blocking probability Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 11) The probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed is known as ___________. a. Call blocking probability b. Call dropping probability c. Call completion probability d. Handoff blocking probability 12) _____________ enhanced GSM by providing a datagram switching capability and allow users to open a persistent data connection a. GPRS b. EDGE c. CDMA d. None of above Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 11) The probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed is known as ___________. a. Call blocking probability b. Call dropping probability c. Call completion probability d. Handoff blocking probability 12) _____________ enhanced GSM by providing a datagram switching capability and allow users to open a persistent data connection a. GPRS b. EDGE c. CDMA d. None of above Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 13)What are the classes of wireless network? 14)Explain the cellular network organization? Why hexagonal pattern is chosen for cellular networks? 15)Explain frequency reuse in your own words? 16)List with a brief description the methods to improve coverage and capacity in cellular systems. 17)What are the principal elements of a cellular system? 18)What is the handoff process? Explain any three handoff performance metrics? 19)Differentiate hard and soft handoff? 20)Compare between first and second cellular generation systems? 21)What are the most popular standards of second generation? Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 22) List with a brief description the missing key functional elements of the GSM system. 23) What are the advantages of CDMA for Cellular systems? 24) What are the most prevalent standards of Third Generation (3G) mobile network? What are CDMA2000 design considerations? Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 25) Compare between second and third generation cellular networks in terms of standards, frequency, bandwidth, access technique, and core network? 26) List with a brief description the missing key functional elements of LTE architecture. 27)Describe the functions of Evolved Packet System (EPS) in LTE network? 28)LTE uses bearers for quality of service (QoS) control instead of circuits. Describe the concept of bearers? What is the difference between the classes of bearers? 29)What are the key improvements of LTE-Advanced over LTE network? Give a brief description of these improvements? Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks Review Questions 30)Compare between third and fourth generation cellular networks in terms of standards, frequency, bandwidth, access technique, and core network? 31)What are the key enabling technologies of fifth generation cellelur network? Give a brief description? 32)Name the following 5G deployment scenarios? 33)Compare between fourth and fifth generation cellular networks in terms of standards, frequency, bandwidth, access technique, and core network? Dr. Mohammed Balfaqih CCCN 422: Wireless Communication Networks