CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology PDF

**CHAPTER III** **Research Methodology** **Research Design** The research utilizes a correlational design, which is well-suited to the purpose and objectives of this study. This approach allows for the examination of the relationships between variables, providing valuable insights that align with...

**CHAPTER III** **Research Methodology** **Research Design** The research utilizes a correlational design, which is well-suited to the purpose and objectives of this study. This approach allows for the examination of the relationships between variables, providing valuable insights that align with the overall aims of the research. A correlational research design, as outlined by Creswell (2014), is a non-experimental approach that measures two or more variables to evaluate the statistical relationships between them without manipulating any factors. This study will use a correlational design to explore the relationship between seating arrangements (independent variable) and student engagement and performance (dependent variables) at Leuteboro National High School. By collecting data on seating patterns and academic outcomes, and applying statistical methods like Pearson's correlation coefficient, the study aims to determine if a significant relationship exists, focusing on the strength and direction of this relationship rather than establishing causality. **Research Locale** This study is being conducted at Leuteboro National High School, situated in Leuteboro II, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro. This large institution offers both junior and Senior High School programs. Leuteboro National High School was selected as the research site due to its teachers and staff, who can provide valuable insights and perspectives to facilitate a comprehensive assessment. **Research Instrument** The researchers made structured survey questionnaire is used to as, designed to measure student engagement and academic performance under different seating arrangements (individual desk, flexible seating (teacher's choice), clustered seating, students based seating). The survey will use a likert scale 1-3 to assess various dimensions of engagement, such as attention, participation, interaction with peers, and focus during class activities. Additionally, students' academic performance will be evaluated through the collection of test scores, assignment completion rates, and classroom participation records over a specified period under each seating configuration. The data will be analyzed to determine correlations between seating arrangements and academic performance. Statistical methods such as mean comparison and correlation analysis will be used to assess the relationship between seating arrangements, student engagement, and academic performance. This instrument will provide quantitative data that can be analyzed to understand how different seating configurations impact classroom dynamics and outcomes. **The questionnaire consist of three parts:** **Part 1** contained the items that include a likert-scale survey that quantify student's engagement levels (attention, participation peer interaction) under various seating arrangements (individual desk, flexible seating (teacher's choice), clustered seating, student's based seating). **Part 2** contained the items that include the collects quantitative data on test scores, assignment completion rates, and class participation records for each seating arrangement over a defined period. **Part 3** contained the items of inferential statistical methods, including correlation and regression analysis, will be utilized to examine the relationships between seating arrangements, engagement, and academic performance, yielding insights into their impact on student outcomes. **Scaling and Quantification** To describe the level of influence of seating arrangement affecting the academic performance of grade 7 students in Leuteboro National High School, a 3-point scale was used. The numerical value, statistical limit, and verbal interpretation were shown below. **Numerical Value** **Statistical Limit** **Verbal Interpretation** --------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------- 3 2.50 -- 3.00 Very Important 2 1.50 -- 2.49 Important 1 1.00 -- 1.49 Least Important **Respondents of the study** The participants in the study consist of 19 grade 7 teachers from Leuteboro National High School for the 2024-2025 school year. **Solve:** n=N/(1+N\*e²)\ n=20/(1+20\*0.05)\ n=20/(1+20\*0.0025)\ n=20/(1+0.05)\ n=20/1.05\ n= 19 **Sampling Technique** The researches use purposive sampling as a sampling technique in selecting participants for this study. Creswell (2015), Creswell describes purposive sampling as a non-probability sampling method in which participants are selected intentionally because they meet specific criteria relevant to the research questions. This approach allows researchers to focus on individuals with particular experiences or knowledge that can provide rich, detailed information about the topic. **Validity** The study's instrument will be presented to selected research teachers, including Mrs. Lilibeth Castillo and Sir Arden Pacia, for validation, utilizing their specialized expertise in the field. Their feedback will be instrumental in refining and updating the survey items to ensure they accurately capture the essential information. A recent study by Miller and Johnson (2022) demonstrated the effectiveness of survey instruments in educational research, emphasizing that validated surveys can provide reliable insights into teacher perceptions and practices. Their findings highlighted the value of expert validation in enhancing the quality of survey content. By incorporating the insights of experienced educators, this study aims to develop a robust survey instrument that effectively addresses important research questions. **Data Gathering Procedure** With proper endorsement from the SHS coordinator, permission to conduct the study was sought from the assistant principal of Leuteboro National High School. Upon the approval of request, the researchers selected the teacher-respondents. After identifying the teacher-respondents, the researchers, in coordination with the head coordinator of the departments, researchers gather the data of the teacher respondents for the administration of the research instrument. Prior to the conduct of interview and observation of the teacher-respondents, the researchers secured informed consent from them. The researchers introduced a brief background of the questionnaire to the teacher-respondents in order for them to be familiarized with the study. The data obtained from them were held confidential. **Statistical Treatment** Statistical Treatment Correlational statistic will be employed in this study to assess the relationship between two or more variables. In order to ascertain whether a relationship exists between variables and to evaluate its strength direction. Kendall's Tau, Pearson's and Spearman's Rank Correlational Coefficient. When measuring the linear relationship between two continuous variables, Pearson's Correlational is utilized. However when the data are ranked or non-normally distributed, Spearman's Rank Correlational and Kendall's Tau are employed. The degree of a linear relationship can be determined using Pearson's while non - parametric or ordinal data can be analyzed using Spearman's and Kendall's Tau. ### **Statistical Treatment of Data** The descriptive statistical tool used is the weighted mean. **Weighted Mean.** It was utilized to determine the mean perception of the student-respondents on level of influence of the factors affecting the low academic performance in General Mathematics of grade 11 students. **Formula:** The inferential statistical tool used is the product-moment correlation coefficient. The questionnaire was administered to the student-respondents. The results were analyzed using Pearson's Product - Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r) to determine the reliability coefficient. The formula for computing the reliability coefficient expressed as Pearson's r is as follows: **Where:** **r =** Pearson's r **N =** total population **X =** values under the first variable **Y =** values under the second variable **∑X =** summation of X or variable of X **∑Y =** summation of Y or variable of Y **∑XY =** summation of X and Y or variable of X and Y **∑X^2^ =** summation of square of X or variable of squares of X **∑Y^2^ =** summation of square of Y or variable of squares of Y **N∑XY =** the total population multiplied by the summation of X and Y or variable of X and Y