Balancing Selection & Natural Selection PDF

Summary

This document explains concepts related to natural selection, specifically balancing selection, heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection, and sexual selection. It provides examples and figures related to sickle-cell allele and fish populations showing how these concepts apply. The text is part of a larger biological text or course material.

Full Transcript

Balancing Selection (균형선택) • Balancing selection (균형선택) occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (균형 선택은 자연 선택이 집단에서 두 가지 이상의 표현형 형태가 안정적인 빈도를 유지할 때 발생한다) • Balancing selection includes...

Balancing Selection (균형선택) • Balancing selection (균형선택) occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (균형 선택은 자연 선택이 집단에서 두 가지 이상의 표현형 형태가 안정적인 빈도를 유지할 때 발생한다) • Balancing selection includes – Heterozygote advantage (이형접합자 우세) – Frequency-dependent selection (빈도의존적 선택) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Heterozygote Advantage (이형접합자 우세) • Heterozygote advantage (이형접합자 우세) occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes (이형접합자 우세는 이형접합자가 두 동형접합자보다 체력이 높을 때 발생한다) • For example, the sickle-cell allele causes deleterious mutations in hemoglobin but also confers malaria resistance (예를 들어 겸상 적혈구 대립 유전자는 헤모글로빈에 해로운 돌연변이를 일으키지만 말라리아 저항성을 부여하기도 한다) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Figure 21.15 Make Connections: 낮 모양 적혈구 대립유전자) Frequency-Dependent Selection (빈도의존적 선택) • In frequency-dependent selection (빈도의존적 선택), the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population (빈도 의존적 선택에서 표현형의 적합성은 해당 표현형이 모집단에서 얼마나 흔한지에 따라 달라진다) – For example, when “right-mouthed” individuals become more common in a population of scale-eating fish, prey are more likely to guard their left side, giving an advantage to “left-mouthed” fish (예를 들어, 비늘을 먹는 물고기 집단에서 '오른쪽 입'을 가진 개체가 더 흔해지면 먹잇감이 왼쪽을 지킬 가능성이 높아져 '왼쪽 입'을 가진 물고기가 유리해진다) Figure 21.16 Frequency-Dependent Selection Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved (빈도의존적 선택) Sexual Selection (성선택) • Sexual selection (성선택) is natural selection for mating success (성선택은 짝짓기 성공을 위한 자연 선택이다) • It can result in sexual dimorphism (성적 이형성), marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics (이는 성적 이형성을 초래할 수 있으며, 이차적 성적 특징에서 남녀 간의 현저한 차이를 초래할 수 있다) Copyright © Sexual 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights성선택) Reserved Figure 21.17 Sexual Dimorphism and Selection (성적 이형성과 Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms (자연선택은 왜 완벽한 생물들을 만들 수 없을까?) 1. Selection can act only on existing variations (선택은 기존 변형에 대해서만 작동할 수 있다) 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints (진화는 역사적 제약에 의해 제한된다) 3. Adaptations are often compromises (적응은 종종 타협이다) 4. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact (우연, 자연 선택, 환경의 상호작용) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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