Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Joy Recto Oliveros MSES The Human Body – An Orientation A...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Joy Recto Oliveros MSES The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Slide 1.1 Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy) Large structures Easily observable Slide 1.2a Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Slide 1.2b Levels of Structural Organization Slide 1.3 Levels of Structural Organization Slide 1.3  Organ System Overview 1.Integumentary System Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands Functions: Forms the external body covering Protects body injury Eliminates wastes - excrete salts in perspiration Helps make Vitamin D Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors – feel pain, touch, pressure, warmth and cold Slide 1.4 Organ System Overview 2. Skeletal System Components: bones, joints and cartilages Functions: Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Aids body movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Slide 1.5 Organ System Overview 3. Muscular System Components: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle Functions: Allows locomotion/ body movement Maintains posture Produces heat Slide 1.6 Organ System Overview 4. Nervous System Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs (eyes and ears) Functions: Fast-acting control system Detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments Activates muscles (contractions) and glands (secretions) Slide 1.7 Organ System Overview 5. Endocrine System Components: pineal gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, testis, ovary, pancreas Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Slide 1.8  Organ System Overview 6. Cardiovascular System Components: heart, blood vessels – veins and arteries. Functions: The heart pumps blood through blood vessels and transports materials oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids. Slide 1.9 Organ System Overview 7. Lymphatic System Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils Functions: Returns proteins and fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Slide 1.10 Organ System Overview 8. Respiratory System Components: lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus Functions: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids Slide 1.11  Organ System Overview 9. Digestive System Components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus Functions: Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates solid waste and indigestible material Slide 1.12 Organ System Overview 10. Urinary System Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Functions: Eliminates urine and wastes Helps maintains acid – base balance Helps regulate production of RBC Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Slide 1.13  Organ System Overview 11. Reproductive System Components: gonads (testis- males, ovaries – females uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, penis, prostate glands Functions: Production of offspring Production of milk Slide 1.14 MAINTAINING LIFE Necessary Life Functions/Processes 1. Maintain Boundaries 2. Movement Locomotion Movement of substances 3. Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react 4. Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients Slide 1.15 Necessary Life Functions/Processes 5. Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures 6. Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Slide 1.16a Necessary Life Functions/Processes 7. Reproduction Production of future generation 8. Growth Increasing of cell size and number Slide 1.16b Survival Needs – the goal of all body systems is to maintain life Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions Slide 1.17a Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Slide 1.17b Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Slide 1.18 Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Components of Feedback Mechanisms A.Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center- INPUT Afferent pathway Slide 1.19a Maintaining Homeostasis B. Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response - OUTPUT C.Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Efferent pathway Slide 1.19b Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat Slide 1.20a Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby Slide 1.20b