Chapter 14 Practice Questions PDF

lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Chapter 14 Stress Coping and Health Psychology (University of New Brunswick) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Chapter 14 Stress Coping and Health Psychology (University of New Brunswick) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 1. Which model states that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of physical, mental, and external factors? a. neuroimmunolog y b. behaviourist c. biopsychosocial d. medical ANSWER: c 2. Because of changes in the way that health professionals think about physical illness over the last few decades, which model of illness has become dominant? a. treatment and prevention b. psychosomatic c. biopsychosocial d. immunology ANSWER: c 3. What is one reason that the field of health psychology has emerged? a. Being ill affects mood, and we need to understand this unidirectional effect. b. It is now well-known that many diseases have neurological origins. c. Our modern focus on health includes prevention, not just treating existing illness. d. Diseases such as AIDS can have a serious impact on cognitive functioning. ANSWER: c 4. What is NOT one of the concerns of health psychology? a. refinements to the diagnostic process b. promotion and maintenance of health c. prevention of illness d. causation and treatment of illness ANSWER: a 5. How does your text define stress? a. illness-inducing behaviour b. circumstances that are perceived as threatening c. any unpleasant event d. responses we make to unpleasant events ANSWER: b 6. According to the definition of stress, what would NOT necessarily be considered stress? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. You ask someone out on a date and feel quite happy about the answer. b. A friend brings over her pet kitten, and you find the little beast irritating. c. You see a man with a knife in front of you, and you freeze in fear. d. You witness a car accident in which you were not involved, and it leaves you too shaken to drive. ANSWER: a 7. What does research have to say about the general effect of everyday problems and the minor nuisances of life? a. Minor stresses produce minor effects. b. Minor stresses may have significant harmful effects on both physical and mental health. c. Minor stresses often have significant harmful effects on mental health, but don’t affect physical health. d. Minor stresses have negative effects only when coupled with major stresses. ANSWER: b 8. Why might minor stresses be more strongly related to mental health than major stressful events? a. We feel more out of control with minor stresses than we do with major stresses. b. We are much more intimately involved with minor stresses. c. Minor stresses lead to more intense physiological arousal than major stresses. d. Minor stresses tend to add up and have cumulative effects. ANSWER: d 9. Mason is already late for an appointment when he nearly runs out of gas. At the gas station, he drips gas on his new shoes and there are no paper towels in the dispenser. Then his machine wouldn’t read his credit card, so he had to pay cash. When Mason finally pulls out of the service station, the traffic is crawling because of an accident. What do we know about effects of inconveniences of this type? a. They usually create avoidance-avoidance conflicts. b. They are stressful only to individuals with a Type A personality. c. They are such routine hassles that they are not perceived as stressful. d. They can often have a significant effect on physical and mental health. ANSWER: d 10. Shelagh is feeling really stressed. Nothing out of the ordinary is going on, but she still feels like she’s having a difficult time coping. It seems like all the little things are making her more stressed than they should—things like remembering to take out the recycling, the barking of the dog next door, and having to choose a dress for her cousin’s wedding next week. Aubrey has all the same things going on in her life, but she is not feeling stressed at all. Why might Shelagh feel stressed, even though there are no major threats to her well-being? a. Minor stressors elicit larger responses than major stressors, on average, so it is Aubrey’s response that is unusual, not Shelagh’s. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health b.The stressors that Shelagh is experiencing are actually more severe than the ones experienced by Aubrey. c. Response to stress depends on many factors, including the type of stress, biological factors within Shelagh, and Shelagh’s history of stress. d.Shelagh likely has an anxiety disorder. ANSWER: c 11. Ted is very agitated about an upcoming presentation that he must give. His roommate doesn’t understand why Ted is nervous because presentations are no big deal. Which statement does this example illustrate? a. When it comes to stress, humans tend not to feel empathy. b. Our appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective. c. Strong-minded persons are better able to handle stressful events than weak- minded ones. d. Our appraisals of stressful events are basically objective. ANSWER: b 12. Fred was just asked to be the master of ceremonies at his brother’s wedding. Public speaking terrifies him, so he perceives this as a very stressful event. What type of appraisal is Fred conducting? a. Secondary b. primary c. offensive d. defensive ANSWER: b 13. Elaine is thinking about an upcoming event that she is worried about, and she is thinking about who she can call to help her. What type of appraisal is Elaine conducting? a. offensive b. defensive c. secondary d. primary ANSWER: c 14. Most of Conrad’s friends consider him to be highly neurotic. What is also likely to be true about Conrad compared to his friends? a. He is more likely to perceive events as stressful. b. He is less likely to use defensive coping strategies. c. He is less likely to perceive events as stressful. d. He is more likely to “choke” under pressure. ANSWER: a 15. Which of the following is an example of an acute stressor? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. worry about your retirement savings b. the pressures associated with being a full-time student c. ongoing conflicts with your roommates about chores and bills d. nervousness about a presentation you have to give tomorrow ANSWER: d 16. What is the distinction between an acute stressor and a chronic stressor? a. intensity b. subjective risk c. whether it happens to you or to someone else d. duration ANSWER: d 17. What does the term “frustration” refer to, in the context of stress research? a. being caught between two incompatible motives b. being expected to live up to high standards of performance c. the most frequent emotional response to aggression d. being blocked in the pursuit of a desired goal ANSWER: d 18. Virginia has wanted to be a physician for as long as she can remember, but she has been unable to gain entry to medical school. What is the term for what Virginia is experiencing? a. frustration b. regression c. burnout d. learned helplessness ANSWER: a 19. Tatiana just finished entering her 10-page term paper into one of the computers in the university’s computer lab. She clicks the “Save” command, and the computer unexpectedly freezes. When she reboots the computer, she discovers that all but the first two pages of her term paper have been lost. What is Tatiana most likely experiencing at this point in time? a. conflict b. burnout c. pressure d. frustration ANSWER: d 20. Steve was excited when he finally landed the lead role in a play. He has been rehearsing for the past two months, but on the day that the play is scheduled to open, Steve awakens with a sore throat and is unable to speak. What is Steve most likely experiencing at this point? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. frustration b. conflict c. pressure d. burnout ANSWER: a 21. The football team made a big comeback in the second half of the game. All that their kicker needed to do was kick a field goal, and they would win the game by two points. Unfortunately, the kicker missed, and they lost the game. What did the coach most likely experience, as he watched the kick go wide? a. frustration b. burnout c. pressure d. conflict ANSWER: a 22. What would NOT qualify as a frustrating event? a. having trouble deciding between two items on a menu b. getting a “B” on an exam when you wanted an “A” c. finding that your car has not yet been repaired even though you left it hours ago d. being stuck in traffic ANSWER: a 23. After years of planning, Miranda finally started her own business. The day that her store was to open, a huge storm knocked out all the power in town. What is Miranda likely experiencing as she waits for the power to come back? a. frustration b. conflict c. burnout d. pressure ANSWER: a 24. Pete is the lead prosecution attorney in a murder case. So far the case has not been going well for him, and the defence attorneys have presented effective rebuttals for most of the points he has raised. The judge adjourned the case for the weekend, and Pete will have to present his closing arguments first thing Monday morning. While he is trying to write his closing statement, he daydreams about a surprise eyewitness to the crime suddenly stepping forward and clinching the case for him. Which processes are illustrated by this example? a. He is experiencing conflict, and he is using undoing to deal with the anxiety the conflict has generated. b.He is experiencing frustration, and he is using fantasy to deal with the anxiety the frustration has generated. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health c. He is experiencing frustration, and he is using intellectualization to deal with the anxiety the frustration has generated. d.He is experiencing conflict, and he is using overcompensation to deal with the anxiety the conflict has generated. ANSWER: b 25. Janet’s husband just lost his high-paying job, and they are about to lose their house and savings. Janet refuses to acknowledge this obvious reality so she acts as if everything is just fine. Which processes are illustrated by this example? a. Janet deals with conflict by engaging in fantasy. b. Janet deals with burnout by engaging in overcompensation. c. Janet deals with pressure by engaging in reaction formation. d. Janet deals with frustration by engaging in denial. ANSWER: d 26. Jim is on the brink of flunking out of school. Instead of increasing his studying, he spends his time daydreaming about how he’ll win the lottery so he won’t need a degree. Which processes are illustrated by this example? a. Jim is experiencing pressure and is engaging in vacillation. b. Jim is experiencing burnout and is engaging in overcompensation. c. Jim is experiencing frustration and is engaging in fantasy. d. Jim is experiencing conflict and is engaging in denial. ANSWER: c 27. In general, what is the least stressful conflict? a. avoidance-avoidance b. double approach- avoidance c. approach-approach d. approach-avoidance ANSWER: c 28. Two blockbuster movies are opening on the same weekend, and Andrea is having trouble deciding which movie to see first. What type of conflict is Andrea experiencing? a. risk-aversion b. avoidance-avoidance c. avoidance-approach d. approach-approach ANSWER: d 29. Gina has made it to the final round in a game show. She must now choose between a fantastic all-expenses- paid trip to Greece or a new SUV. Gina wants both of them very badly! What type of conflict is Gina facing as Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health she tries to decide between the two available alternatives? a. approach-approach b. appetitive-frustration c. frustration-pressure d. approach-avoidance ANSWER: a 30. What type of conflict are you experiencing when you find yourself “caught between a rock and a hard place”? a. avoidance-avoidance b. approach-approach c. approach-avoidance d. double approach- avoidance ANSWER: a 31. The cruel jailer walks in and offers you the choice of being whipped or clubbed as your form of punishment for the day. What are you experiencing, assuming that neither alternative appeals to you? a. an avoidance-avoidance conflict b. an approach-avoidance conflict c. an approach-approach conflict d. a thrill at being given a choice ANSWER: a 32. Myles has a back injury that causes him a lot of pain. He could have surgery, which he dreads, or he could choose to live with the pain. What sort of conflict is Myles experiencing? a. approach-avoidance b. approach-approach c. double approach- avoidance d. avoidance-avoidance ANSWER: d 33. Melissa has an old car that needs repairs. She is trying to decide whether she should use the money she was saving for a vacation to fix the car. If she fixes the car, she can’t go on vacation. If she goes on vacation, she won’t have reliable transportation. What type of conflict is Melissa facing as she tries to make her decision? a. approach- avoidance b. approach-approach c. pressure-frustration d. frustration-pressure Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: a 34. Theresa loves to eat cake but at the same time fears becoming overweight. What is she experiencing? a. frustration-pressure response b. fight-or-flight response c. approach-avoidance conflict d. avoidance-avoidance conflict ANSWER: c 35. Leonard has a job with a small company where he gets along well with everyone, and he has 15 years of seniority. Recently, a competitor called to offer him a job that would pay more money, but where he would be starting over, with no seniority. What type of conflict is Leonard facing? a. no-win b. frustration-pressure c. approach- avoidance d. approach-approach ANSWER: c 36. Megan is voting in a city referendum. If the referendum passes there will be better services available for all the city residents, but it will also mean that residents will pay increased property taxes. What type of conflict is Megan facing? a. approach-approach b. frustration-pressure c. no-win d. approach- avoidance ANSWER: d 37. Which reaction do approach-avoidance conflicts often produce in people trying to make those sorts of decisions? a. approach b. withdrawal c. avoidance d. vacillation ANSWER: d 38. Which type of conflict tends to result in behavioural vacillation? a. avoidance-avoidance b. approach-avoidance c. approach-approach Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health d. no-win ANSWER: b 39. In Holmes and Rahe’s study of stress and vulnerability to illness, which type of event was a major stress for most people? a. change in one’s life that require readjustment b. failure c. a life event involving loss d. only a life change the person sees as negative ANSWER: a 40. What was the Social Readjustment Rating Scale designed specifically to measure? a. change b. aggressio n c. conflict d. control ANSWER: a 41. Rosemary recently married her high school sweetheart, and they moved into a wonderful new condominium. A week after the move, Rosemary was offered a job that she had been hoping she would get. At this point, Rosemary can’t imagine being any happier. What is Rosemary experiencing according to her score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? a. a high level of stress b. an approach-approach conflict c. overcompensation d. little or no stress ANSWER: a 42. What is considered to be the most stressful event, according to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? a. trouble with the in-laws b. change in sleeping habits c. retirement d. marriage ANSWER: d 43. Which statement best describes people with higher scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? a. They react more negatively to stressful events. b. They cope more effectively with long-term stressors associated with change. c. They are more vulnerable to physical illness and psychological problems. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health d. They have a more external locus of control. ANSWER: c 44. What is the major criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? a. It contains positive events as well as negative ones. b. It focuses exclusively on frustrating events. c. It does not measure change exclusively. d. It is based on a biased sample. ANSWER: c 45. Which of the following is supported by current research on change and stress? a. Too much change of any kind automatically makes one more vulnerable to physical and psychological problems. b.Keeping change to a minimum is an effective way to avoid the harmful effects of stress. c. Change is not inherently or inevitably stressful. d.Both positive and negative changes are equally stressful. ANSWER: c 46. Which term is defined by demands or expectations to behave in a certain way? a. frustration b. stress c. pressure d. conflict ANSWER: c 47. The football team made a big comeback in the second half and are now down by a single point. They can win the game if they complete the final play successfully. Which players are likely to be experiencing as the team lines up for the final play of the game? a. pressure b. conflict c. burnout d. frustration ANSWER: a 48. Winona has a ten-page term paper due first thing in the morning, and she has only completed five pages. What is Winona most likely feeling? a. frustration b. burnout c. performance anxiety d. pressure Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: d 49. Yacov’s parents have made it very clear to him that he is expected to become a doctor just like all of the other men in his family. Yacov really wants to be an architect. What is Yacov experiencing? a. pressure to perform b. frustration c. approach-approach conflict d. pressure to conform ANSWER: d 50. According to a study by Weiten, what is associated with symptoms of psychological distress? a. pressure b. life changes c. constructive coping style d. approach-approach conflict ANSWER: a 51. Which statement best describes emotional responses to stress? a. They are always negative emotions. b. They typically alternate between positive and negative emotions. c. They are more intense in women than in men. d. They may be either positive or negative emotions. ANSWER: d 52. Which statement does NOT accurately describe positive emotions and stress? a. Positive emotions experienced while under stress have important adaptive significance. b.Experiencing positive emotions while under stress is rare, and it is associated with denial in most individuals. c. The presence of positive emotions can promote creativity and flexibility in problem solving. d.The presence of positive emotions may reduce vulnerability to heart disease in older adults. ANSWER: b 53. Which cue should you use if you were to attempt to predict life expectancy of a group of people, and the only information you had available were their photo albums? a. frequency of party photos b. the number of photos that contain family members c. the frequency of Duchenne smiles d. presence of wedding pictures Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: c 54. Which statement best describes the optimal level of arousal for task performance? a. It is about the same from one task to another. b. It relates more to personal makeup than to the task. c. It decreases as the tasks become more complex. d. It increases as the tasks become more complex. ANSWER: c 55. What level of arousal is optimal for completing simple tasks? a. always depends on the skill of the individual b. low level c. moderate level d. high level ANSWER: d 56. Leigh works as an accountant and has to complete complex reports for each of her clients. Adriana works in a factory where she performs fairly simple repetitive tasks. If both women have high levels of arousal, what will happen to their job performance? a. Both Leigh and Adriana will show significant impairment in the performance of their respective jobs. b. Leigh’s performance will be impaired more than Adriana’s performance. c. Adriana’s performance will be impaired more than Leigh’s performance. d. Neither Leigh nor Adriana will show any impairment in the performance of their respective jobs. ANSWER: b 57. What is the term for the physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for action? a. fight-or-flight response b. primary appraisal c. resistance d. catharsis ANSWER: a 58. What controls the fight-or-flight response as a physiological reaction to a threat? a. thalamus b. autonomic nervous system c. pyramidal system d. central nervous system ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 59. What mediates the fight-or-flight reaction? a. peripheral nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. skeletal nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system ANSWER: d 60. Chelsey was just startled by a spider. Which reaction will be elicited by Chelsey’s fight-or-flight response? a. a reduction in breathing, heart rate, and digestive processes b. an acceleration in breathing and heart rate and a reduction in digestive processes c. a reduction in breathing and heart rate and an acceleration in digestive processes d. an acceleration in breathing, heart rate, and digestive processes ANSWER: b 61. Which statement does NOT accurately describe the fight-or-flight response? a. Fight-or-flight is an adaptive response for most members of the animal kingdom. b.This autonomic response is most likely a “leftover” from humankind’s evolutionary past. c. Most modern current human stressors cannot be handled through fighting or fleeing. d.Human stresses generally pass too quickly for the fight-or-flight response to be an effective coping mechanism. ANSWER: d 62. Which of the following is NOT representative of something universities do for their students in recognition of the importance of stress reduction for their students? a. scheduling stress-buster events to coincide with exam periods b. dog walking or petting opportunities c. providing free hair cuts d. providing guided meditation sessions ANSWER: c 63. What is the name that Hans Selye gave to the body’s response to stress? a. defensive coping b. fight-or-flight response c. catharsis d. general adaptation syndrome ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 64. What did Hans Selye believe about the body’s reactions to stressful situations? a. They are specific to the type of stressor involved. b. They cannot be generalized across individuals. c. They are the same regardless of the stressor. d. They vary across the life span. ANSWER: c 65. Which list represents the correct order for the three stages of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. recognition, reaction, evaluation b. primary, secondary, tertiary c. alarm, resistance, exhaustion d. detection, adaptation, recovery ANSWER: c 66. You have just come face to face with a bear on your walk through the woods. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does your body automatically mobilize itself for action? a. exhaustion b. alarm c. resistance d. coping ANSWER: b 67. Dustin’s car skidded on the icy road, and crossed over into the wrong lane. He could see the headlights of rapidly approaching, oncoming traffic. His entire body became energized. His heart rate and respiration increased, and he began to sweat. What was Dustin experiencing, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. an alarm reaction b. physiological exhaustion c. autonomic rebound d. a resistance reaction ANSWER: a 68. Clarice was in a meeting with several other employees when her boss started to criticize her proposal. Clarice’s heart rate and respiration increased, and she could feel her face and hands become flushed and red. What was Clarice experiencing, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. physiological exhaustion b. an alarm reaction c. autonomic rebound d. a resistance reaction Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: b 69. According to Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, what is the stage in which the body appears to be functioning efficiently, although in actuality arousal may continue to be higher than normal? a. exhaustion b. resistance c. alarm d. maintenance ANSWER: b 70. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body go into after an unsuccessful first attempt at dealing with a stressor? a. sympathetic b. alarm c. third d. resistance ANSWER: d 71. Tiana was walking down the street late one evening when a stranger suddenly stepped out of the shadows. Her initial reaction was one of total panic, but then she began to think of all her options. Although her heart was still pounding, she quickly crossed to the other side of the street and began walking in the opposite direction. What was Tiana experiencing, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. an alarm reaction b. autonomic rebound c. a resistance reaction d. physiological exhaustion ANSWER: c 72. Travis was driving on an icy road when he started to skid. He felt a sensation of panic, but quickly took action to control the car and avoid an accident. What was Travis experiencing as he took action, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. physiological exhaustion b. autonomic rebound c. a resistance reaction d. an alarm reaction ANSWER: c 73. What is the final stage of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, in which the organism’s resources for fighting stress may be depleted? a. fatigue b. alarm c. resistance Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health d. exhaustion ANSWER: d 74. Bryce is an army field surgeon who has been operating on wounded soldiers for the past 24 hours, with hardly a break. It seems as if he will never be finished, and more wounded are arriving every hour. At this point, Bryce feels completely worn out. His overall energy reserves are totally depleted, and his body just wants to give up. What is Bryce experiencing according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. a resistance reaction b. autonomic rebound c. physiological exhaustion d. an alarm reaction ANSWER: c 75. Brooke had been battling the rising floodwaters around her home for more than 72 hours. It seemed that no matter how many sandbags she stacked, it wasn’t enough. At this point, she just feels that there is nothing else that she can do. Her overall energy reserves are totally depleted, and her body just wants to give up. What is Brooke experiencing according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. an alarm reaction b. physiological exhaustion c. a resistance reaction d. autonomic rebound ANSWER: b 76. What happens when the adrenal medulla is stimulated? a. Corticosteroids are absorbed by the adrenal glands. b. Large amounts of catecholamines are released into the bloodstream. c. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated. d. The hormone AH is secreted. ANSWER: b 77. Dionne is trapped in an elevator that is stuck between floors of an office building. As maintenance workers try to restart the elevator, it suddenly drops several centimetres before becoming stuck once more. As the elevator drops, Dionne’s sympathetic nervous system is activated. What happens next? a. The adrenal cortex will begin to release large amounts of catecholamines. b. The adrenal medulla will begin to release corticosteroids. c. The amygdala will slow the release of acetylcholine. d. The adrenal medulla will begin to release large amounts of catecholamines. ANSWER: d 78. What is NOT a consequence associated with the release of catecholamines in the body? a. heart rate increases b. digestive processes speed up Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health c. oxygen consumption increases d. visual sensitivity increases ANSWER: b 79. Nora has just noticed a big scary dog running toward her. What is happening in her brain? a. Her pituitary gland activates the hypothalamus. b. Her cerebellum activates the autonomic nervous system. c. Her thalamus activates the pituitary gland. d. Her hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system. ANSWER: d 80. Nora is being chased by a big scary dog. Which hormones are being pumped into her bloodstream?? a. catecholamines and endorphins b. endorphins and serotonin c. endorphins and corticosteroids d. catecholamines and corticosteroids ANSWER: d 81. In a stress reaction, the pituitary gland releases the hormone ACTH. What does ACTH then stimulate? a. adrenal cortex b. gonads c. medulla d. hypothalamus ANSWER: a 82. As Ivan’s car spun out of control, and into the path of oncoming traffic, his pituitary gland began to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). What happens next? a. The adrenal cortex will begin to release corticosteroids. b. The adrenal cortex will begin to release catecholamines. c. The amygdala will slow the release of acetylcholine. d. The adrenal medulla will begin to release corticosteroids. ANSWER: a 83. What are the two major pathways by which the brain may signal the endocrine system? a. circulatory and muscular systems b. autonomic and skeletal nervous systems c. pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system d. parasympathetic and sympathetic systems ANSWER: c 84. What is the term used to describe active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. coping b. resisting c. defending d. aggressin g ANSWER: a 85. Which statement best describes coping responses in dealing with stress? a. They are not “coping” unless they are adaptive. b. They are typically maladaptive. c. They are typically adaptive. d. They may be adaptive or maladaptive. ANSWER: d 86. What is learned helplessness? a. a release of emotional tension that often accompanies stress b. protecting oneself from unpleasant situations by refusing to acknowledge them c. passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events d. atoning for unacceptable unconscious drives or impulses in socially acceptable ways ANSWER: c 87. What do people typically experience if they use behavioural disengagement as a coping strategy? a. catastrophic thinking and self-blame b. release of negative emotional tension c. increased, rather than decreased, distress d. overcompensation or intellectualization ANSWER: c 88. Scott and Victoria are arguing about whether learned helplessness is a more productive coping style than behavioural disengagement. If you wanted to settle this argument, what should you tell them? a. Both styles are adaptive, and lead to reduced stress. b. They are merely two terms for the same coping style. c. Both styles are maladaptive, and lead to more stress. d. Neither style has been studied enough to have conclusive evidence. ANSWER: b 89. What is most likely to happen when people who are confronted by stressful situations engage in self-blame? a. They show evidence of catharsis or displaced aggression. b. They make their stress reactions worse. c. They find that their social support networks are strengthened. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health d. They experience a decrease in their overall level of autonomic arousal. ANSWER: b 90. What statement best represents the original frustration-aggression hypothesis put forth by Dollard and his colleagues? a. Aggression is always caused by frustration. b. Frustration is always a consequence of aggression. c. Frustration is a factor only in aggressive behaviour for nonhuman species. d. Frustration causes males to be more aggressive than females. ANSWER: a 91. A police officer gives you a speeding ticket, and you take out your frustration and anger on your roommate. What is the term for this diversion of anger to a substitute target? a. reaction formation b. displacement c. catharsis d. overcompensation ANSWER: b 92. Julie’s father borrowed her car to run some errands. When he returned the car, the taillight was broken. Julie was angry, but she didn’t say anything to her father. Later, when her son dropped cookie crumbs on the floor, Julie yelled at him and sent him to his room. Which concept does Julie’s behaviour toward her son illustrate? a. displacement b. self-indulgence c. undoing d. overcompensatio n ANSWER: a 93. Which term refers to the idea that emotional tension can be released through behaviour in an adaptive manner? a. catharsis b. an unconditioned response c. the safety-valve effect d. displacement ANSWER: a 94. Garret is frustrated and angry when his request for a pay raise is turned down. After work, Garret goes to his gym and hits the punching bag for 10 minutes. Garret finds that he feels less tense and wound up after his workout. What concept does this example illustrate? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. undoing b. overcompensatio n c. denial d. catharsis ANSWER: d 95. Tim is feeling very frustrated and angry with his roommate and thinks that he will feel better if he and his roommate fight it out with boxing gloves. What could you tell him about his plan? a. It will initially increase tension but in the long run it will lead to a better relationship. b. It will cause his roommate to experience learned helplessness. c. It will lead to catharsis and reduce his frustration. d. It will probably just fuel more anger and aggression. ANSWER: d 96. When final exam time rolls around, Murray finds himself eating all the time. What is the term for this type of reaction to stress? a. learned helplessness b. reaction formation c. constructive coping d. self-indulgence ANSWER: d 97. Francis finished writing her economics final and was convinced that she had failed the exam and would have to repeat the course. She was so stressed out by the thought of taking the course a second time that she drank four glasses of wine when she got home. What method did Francis use to cope with her stress? a. self-indulgence b. undoing c. learned helplessness d. overcompensation ANSWER: a 98. Whenever Paris feels particularly stressed or frustrated, she tends to engage in what she calls “retail therapy” where she heads to the mall and spends a great deal of money on a wide variety of clothes, and other treats for herself. What is Paris’s favourite coping method called? a. displacement b. self-indulgence c. behavioural disengagement d. catharsis Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 20 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: b 99. Which form of self-indulgence has been recently added to the DSM-5 as a topic for further research? a. catharsis b. binge eating c. gambling d. Internet use ANSWER: d 100. What is the term for unconscious reactions for dealing with unpleasant emotions such as anxiety or guilt? a. rationalizations b. neurosis c. constructive coping d. defence mechanisms ANSWER: d 101. There is one week left in the semester, and Andre has put off working on his five term papers. Although it has always taken him three to four days to write a single term paper, Andre is convinced that he can write all five papers in the week that remains. What coping strategy does Andre engage in, in this instance? a. intellectualization b. denial of reality c. self-indulgence d. overcompensatio n ANSWER: b 102. Webb’s teacher has told him that there is really no way for him to earn a passing grade in his statistics class, even if he earns 100 percent on all the work that remains. However, Webb has convinced himself that he will still pass the course if he just works really hard for the rest of the semester. What coping mechanism is Webb using in this instance? a. undoing b. overcompensatio n c. displacement d. denial of reality ANSWER: d 103. Jan’s husband usually gets home after midnight when he often smells of perfume and his clothes are dishevelled. Several of Jan’s friends have told her she should divorce her husband because he is obviously having an affair. However, Jan is convinced he is working late at the office every night so that they will have enough money to buy their dream house. Which coping mechanism does this illustrate? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 21 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. overcompensatio n b. undoing c. denial of reality d. displacement ANSWER: c 104. Bella is majoring in English literature, and she has applied for over 100 scholarships during the last year. She hasn’t received any of the scholarships because her grades are quite low. When she received the latest letter notifying her that a scholarship had gone to someone else, she imagined how humiliated the committee members would be if she were to get one of her short stories published. What coping mechanism does this illustrate? a. intellectualization b. overcompensatio n c. use of fantasy d. displacement ANSWER: c 105. Alan is a socially inept man who imagines that he is secretly admired by women who all wish he would seduce them. What defence mechanism does this illustrate? a. substitution b. denial of reality c. fantasy d. intellectualization ANSWER: c 106. Bertram was on death row awaiting execution. He refused to allow any appeals on his behalf, and he insisted that the law be followed exactly. Which coping mechanism does this illustrate? a. overcompensatio n b. fantasy c. intellectualization d. undoing ANSWER: c 107. According to Freud, what defence mechanism is being used when an individual copes with stressful situations by trying to atone for unacceptable desires or behaviours? a. intellectualization b. undoing c. overcompensatio n Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 22 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health d. fantasy ANSWER: b 108. According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which life event typically causes the most stress in a person’s life? a. death of a close friend b. death of a spouse c. divorce d. death of a close family member ANSWER: b 109. Thelma goes to a nightclub and flirts with dozens of men whenever she feels neglected and ignored by her husband. What coping mechanism would Freud suggest that Thelma is using, in this example? a. overcompensatio n b. undoing c. fantasy d. intellectualization ANSWER: a 110. What is the purpose of defence mechanisms, according to Freudian theory? a. to constructively cope with stress b. to work through problems c. to enhance self-insight d. to deceive oneself ANSWER: d 111. Which of the following is NOT constructive coping? a. reliance on the use of defence mechanisms b. making reasonably realistic appraisals of your coping resources c. confronting a problem directly d. inhibiting emotional reactions to stress ANSWER: a 112. Shannon has a big deadline coming up and is feeling a lot of pressure. She knows she has barely enough time to complete the project, so she asks her mother to watch her kids for the weekend in order to give her more peace and quiet in which to work. What does this example illustrate? a. overcompensation b. intellectualization c. constructive coping d. self-indulgent coping Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 23 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: c 113. According to Baumeister, the pressure to perform can elevate self-consciousness. How does self- consciousness lead to impaired performance? a. It causes us to perform too automatically. b. It creates an approach-avoidance conflict. c. It activates our autonomic nervous system. d. It diverts attention from the demands of the task. ANSWER: d 114. Harry is an excellent basketball player who seldom misses a shot during practice. After yesterday’s practice, Harry’s coach told him that some scouts from a big university would be at today’s practice. What will happen to Harry as a consequence of the increase in pressure, based on the research by Baumeister? a. He will experience burnout, causing him to make a lot of mistakes. b. He will be more self-conscious and that will facilitate his performance. c. He will be more self-conscious and that will interfere with his performance. d. He will experience catharsis, causing him to play even better. ANSWER: c 115. What type of stress has turned out to be more strongly related to measures of mental health than the SRRS and other established measures of stress? a. challenge b. commitment c. change d. pressure ANSWER: d 116. Which statement best describes burnout? a. It is most apt to result from long-term or chronic stress. b. It usually develops in individuals with untreated post-traumatic stress disorder. c. It is typically the precursor to full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder. d. It results mainly from a few highly traumatic events. ANSWER: a 117. Kelsey works as an emergency dispatcher. She thought the job would be exciting, but it has turned out to be more stressful than exciting. She works long hours and seldom receives any recognition. The only time people seem to notice what she does is when the emergency units are slow in responding. She has become disillusioned with her job, and she often calls in sick. What is Kelsey experiencing in this case? a. post-traumatic stress disorder b. amotivational syndrome c. general adaptation syndrome Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 24 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health d. burnout ANSWER: d 118. Wayne was a highly motivated teacher who really tried to make a difference in the lives of his students. However, the constant budget cutbacks and the long hours that he puts in have taken their toll. He has become disillusioned with teaching, and he often calls in sick. What is Wayne experiencing in this case? a. burnout b. general adaptation syndrome c. amotivational syndrome d. post-traumatic stress disorder ANSWER: a 119. What is the term for disturbed behaviour that occurs after a major stressful event? a. burnout b. coping mechanism c. catharsis d. post-traumatic stress disorder ANSWER: d 120. Jack was recently involved in a very serious car accident, in which he narrowly avoided being killed by an oncoming car. Which disorder would Jack most likely develop symptoms of after recovering from the accident? a. schizophrenia b. post-traumatic stress disorder c. antisocial personality disorder d. depression ANSWER: b 121. According to modern Western society, what would NOT be a popular method of coping with stress? a. giving up b. constructive coping c. release of negative emotional tension d. overcompensation ANSWER: a 122. Which statement best describes the frequency and effects of traumatic events? a. They are somewhat common, but because there is no psychological response to most traumas, it goes unreported. b.They are very rare, and healthy individuals will recover quickly from them. c. They are somewhat common and are associated with psychological distress. d.They are relatively unusual, but always result in flashbacks. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 25 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 123. The concept of “giving up” tends to be disparaged in our culture. What is a better way to characterize the coping mechanism for handling stress which involves giving up? a. venting b. learned helplessness c. letting go d. goal adjustment ANSWER: d 124. What is involved in coronary heart disease? a. a reduction in blood flow in the coronary arteries b. an increase in blood flow in the coronary arteries c. a decrease in the hormone oxytocin d. perinatal damage ANSWER: a 125. Which statement does NOT accurately describe risk factors for atherosclerosis? a. High blood pressure is one of the established risk factors for atherosclerosis. b. Having elevated cholesterol levels increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis. c. Atherosclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men. d. The risk for developing atherosclerosis increases with age. ANSWER: c 126. David is driven, ambitious, and competitive, and his doctor says that he is at risk for having a heart attack. Which term describes David? a. external personality b. Type A personality c. Type B personality d. internal personality ANSWER: b 127. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Type A individuals? a. They are easy-going and sociable. b. They feel there’s never enough time to get everything done. c. They are strongly achievement motivated. d. They are competitive. ANSWER: a 128. Jim always comes to the office early, argues his position aggressively during meetings, and frequently feels Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 26 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health frustrated when things don’t go his way. Which of the following describes Jim? a. Type II self-punishment pattern b. Type B personality c. Type I cardiac risk d. Type A personality ANSWER: d 129. Kyle is extremely ambitious. He has been in his current job for 12 months, and he has told everyone that if he doesn’t get a promotion at his next evaluation he will move on. He is always in a hurry and impatient with co-workers who don’t have their work done on time. He spends long hours at work, coming in early and staying late. Which of the following best describes Kyle? a. antisocial personality disorder b. dependent personality disorder c. Type A personality d. Type B personality ANSWER: c 130. Mickey is an impatient, highly competitive individual who is easily provoked into angry confrontations. He is suspicious and distrusting of most of the people he works with. What is Mickey at risk for, according to research conducted by Friedman and Rosenman? a. ulcers and stomach disorders b. asthma and other respiratory ailments c. high blood pressure and coronary heart disease d. a number of different types of cancer ANSWER: c 131. Christine is relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, and amicable. What would Christine be classified as having? a. internal locus of control b. external locus of control c. Type A personality d. Type B personality ANSWER: d 132. Emily is easy-going and relaxed. She doesn’t tend to rush through her work, but she always gets things done. She’s very even-tempered and doesn’t anger very easily. Which of the following best describes Emily? a. Type B personality b. Type A personality c. constructive personality d. prosocial personality Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 27 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: a 133. Which statement best describes Type A behaviour and the risk of coronary heart disease? a. The Type A person is six times more likely to suffer from coronary heart disease than the Type B person. b.The Type A person is more resistant to coronary heart disease than the Type B person. c. The relationship between the two seems more modest than originally thought, with Type A behaviour increasing coronary risk only for some. d.As it turns out, there is actually very little connection between stress and coronary heart disease. ANSWER: c 134. Which component of Type A personality is most strongly linked to the risk of coronary heart disease? a. low self-esteem b. anger and hostility c. competitiveness d. impatience and time urgency ANSWER: b 135. What is the effect of brief periods of mental stress, based on laboratory experiments with cardiology patients? a. They have little, or no, impact on overall cardiac function. b. They can intensify chronic symptoms of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis. c. They can trigger acute symptoms of heart disease. d. They can trigger emotional responses such as depression and feelings of despair. ANSWER: c 136. What has been supported by recent research evidence from studies that investigated the link between depression and heart disease? a. The stress of living with heart disease may cause the onset of depression. b. Depression and heart disease are both caused by the negative effects of smoking. c. Depression and heart disease are not correlated with each other. d. The emotional dysfunction of depression may cause heart disease. ANSWER: d 137. Contrary to popular belief, people often experience pleasant emotions while enduring stress, challenges, pain or suffering. Which positive emotion does research suggest is often experienced after a crisis such as a disaster? a. gratitude Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 28 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health b. joy c. happiness d. pride ANSWER: a 138. Which of the following best describes stress and emotional response? a. negative emotions only b. both positive and negative emotions c. negative emotions in adults but positive emotions in children d. males experience more positive emotions than females ANSWER: b 139. Which statement best describes the positive emotional style? a. Positive emotional style is associated with enhanced immune system and is protective against heart disease. b.Positive emotional style is associated with an enhanced immune system. c. Positive emotional style is associated with longevity, an enhanced immune system and is protective against heart disease d.Positive emotional style does not appear to impact physical health. ANSWER: c 140. What was the finding from the study on positive emotion and health conducted by examining photos from Major League Baseball players in the 1952 baseball register? a. Smiling was not related to health indexes. b.Those who smiled more tended to live longer. c. Those who smiled more tended to live longer but the findings were limited to African-American and Hispanic players only. d.None of the baseball players were smiling in their photos. ANSWER: b 141. Which statement is best supported by stress and health research? a. Stress effects influence only specific illnesses. b. Stress is very specific in its effects on health. c. Stress relates to physical illness only in predisposed individuals. d. Stress may relate to the incidence of physical illness in general. ANSWER: d 142. What is the term for the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, and other foreign substances? a. body’s stress reaction b. disease coping response Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 29 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health c. immune response d. general adaptation syndrome ANSWER: c 143. What effects do stressors like crowding or restraint have on the immune systems of animals? a. They can lead to increased levels of immune system activity. b. They can activate the release of aggressive hormones. c. They can reduce various aspects of immune system activity. d. They can increase levels of serotonin and dopamine. ANSWER: c 144. What effect does stress appear to have on the human immune system? a. It can lead to decreased levels of immune activity. b. It decreases autonomic nervous system function. c. It can lead to increased levels of immune activity. d. It has very little effect on immune activity. ANSWER: a 145. Many students often develop colds and other minor illnesses during final exam week. Why does this happen, based on the research into the physical responses to stress? a. Stress raises the level of cholesterol in the students’ blood. b. Stress lowers the level of cortisol in the students’ blood. c. Stress reduces the level of immune system activity. d. Stress raises the level of neuropeptides and amino acids. ANSWER: c 146. What is the term used to describe having someone to rely on, provide you with emotional support, and help you preserve your health? a. optimism b. locus of control c. social support d. therapy ANSWER: c 147. What has been demonstrated by studies on the effects of social support on health and survival? a. Social support may improve stress reactions, but not physiological reactions. b.Social support leads individuals to perceive that they are less stressed than they really are, and they will underestimate the health consequences of their stress. c. Social support has positive effects on quality of life but not on survival. d.Having strong social support increases the odds of survival. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 30 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: d 148. Which statement best describes the connection between social support and wellness? a. Social support provides more benefits for the elderly. b. Social support typically has negative effects in the absence of stress. c. Social support is a buffer only for people with stress-related illnesses. d. Social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress. ANSWER: d 149. How do Asians and Americans differ in terms of their use of social support during times of stress? a. Americans are individualistic and tend not to benefit from social support b. Asians are collectivistic and tend to solicit social support from others c. Americans prefer implicit support, while Asians prefer explicit support d. Asians prefer implicit support, while Americans prefer explicit support ANSWER: d 150. Marcy exhibits effective problem-focused coping and seeks the help of others when necessary. Which term best describes Marcy? a. optimist b. pessimist c. Type A personality d. Type B personality ANSWER: a 151. Which coping strategy is NOT likely to be expressed by an optimist? a. taking action b. denial c. persistence d. adaptive coping responses ANSWER: b 152. Which of the following is a personality characteristic that is correlated with good physical health? a. extraversion b. conscientiousness c. agreeableness d. openness ANSWER: b 153. Which of the following is NOT a component of Lambert and Lambert’s concept of hardiness? a. commitment Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 31 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health b. control c. challenge d. continuity ANSWER: d 154. Vanessa experiences her share of stressors but doesn’t seem to be impaired by them. She tends to see them as challenges to overcome. She feels like she is in charge of her time and her behaviours, and she is dedicated to the work that she takes on. Which term best describes someone like Vanessa? a. optimist b. hardy c. Type A d. overachieve r ANSWER: b 155. What has been shown to increase the risk of such chronic diseases as lung cancer, emphysema, and stroke? a. obesity b. poor nutrition c. lack of exercise d. smoking ANSWER: d 156. What happens when people give up smoking? a. Their risk of pulmonary disease declines, but their risk of cardiovascular disease increases. b. Their health risks never decline to the level of those who never smoked. c. Their overall health risks decline reasonably quickly. d. Their risk of cardiovascular disease declines, but their risk of pulmonary disease increases. ANSWER: c 157. What are the approximate long-term success rates for those who quit smoking? a. 15% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% ANSWER: b 158. What is the average amount of time that Canadian children spend in after-school physical activity? a. 14 minutes b. 45 minutes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 32 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health c. 1.4 hours d. 1 hour and 45 minutes ANSWER: a 159. Which of the following is NOT among the advantages of regular exercise? a. reduced cancer risk b. lowered physiological reactivity to stress c. reduced risk of bacterial infection d. enhanced cardiovascular fitness ANSWER: c 160. Len is worried about his heart and also about the effects of stress. What would you recommend for both of those concerns? a. regular exercise b. vitamin A supplements c. hypnosis d. low-carb diet ANSWER: a 161. Which healthy intervention promotes neurogenesis? a. low-fat diets b. regular exercise c. reducing alcohol consumption d. quitting smoking ANSWER: b 162. Which statement best represents the relationship between alcohol consumption and health outcomes? a. Those who avoid alcohol have the best health outcomes. b.Those who consume alcohol have the best health outcomes. c. Moderate alcohol consumption provides cardiovascular benefits, but higher consumption leads to poorer health. d.Alcohol consumption is uncorrelated with health outcomes. ANSWER: d 163. Which of the following best defines neurogenesis? a. the formation of new neurons primarily in key areas in the hippocampus b. the formation of new neurons primarily in the peripheral nervous system c. the beginning of necrosis of the hippocampus in cases of dementia d. the beginning of dendritic branch growth in neurons, primarily in the frontal lobes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 33 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: a 164. What is one of the recent findings in research on the impact of stress on the brain? a. Stress can cause the hippocampus to become overloaded and enlarged. b.The area of the brain which is primarily important in coping with threats or stressors is the prefrontal medulla. c. Stress can interfere with neurogenesis. d.Stress does not contribute to any significant changes to the brain in adults, but such changes have been observed in children. ANSWER: c 165. Which statement best describes HIV and AIDS? a. Independent of sexual orientation, risk for HIV and AIDS is elevated the as the number of sexual contacts increase, especially if condoms are not used. b.Due to recent efforts to educate the public, misconceptions about AIDS have nearly disappeared. c. Many people underestimate the risk of contracting the HIV virus through casual contact with infected individuals. d.Taking high doses of immunosuppressants can successfully treat HIV infections and prevent AIDS from developing. ANSWER: a 166. Contracting the AIDS virus involves an exchange of infected body fluids. What has NOT been suggested as a means for reducing such risk? a. use of condoms b. abstinence c. reducing the number of partners d. anal intercourse ANSWER: d 167. Sonja used to work out five days a week when she was in her late teens. In her twenties, she worked out three days a week. Now she is in her forties, and she seems to work out only when she has the time. Which trend does Sonja’s pattern of behaviour illustrate? a. Many health-impairing habits creep up on us. b. People underestimate the risks associated with their health-impairing behaviours. c. The risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future. d. Many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time. ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 34 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 168. Sylvester used to keep track of his calorie consumption and fat grams on a daily basis when he was in his early twenties. When he was in his thirties, he still counted calories during the week, but he tended to pay less attention to what he ate on weekends. Now that he is in his forties, Sylvester no longer keeps track of the number of calories or fat grams in the foods that he eats. Which trend is illustrated by Sylvester’s pattern of behaviour? a. Risks associated with health-impairing behaviours are often overstated in the media. b. Men are more likely than women to develop health-impairing habits. c. Many health-impairing habits creep up on people. d. The risks associated with health-impairing behaviours tend to lie in the distant future. ANSWER: c 169. Martin knows that excessive exposure to the sun can increase a person’s risk of skin cancer and cataracts. However, he can’t resist getting out and enjoying a sunny day, and putting on sunblock seems to him to be a major inconvenience. Which trend does Martin’s current pattern of behaviour illustrate? a. The risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future. b.People tend to rationalize high-risk behaviours by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits. c. People often overestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours. d.Many health-impairing habits creep up on us. ANSWER: a 170. Luigi knows that research has determined that smoking increases the risk of various types of cancers; however, he is sure he won’t develop cancer. What does Luigi’s pattern of behaviour illustrate? a. People often underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours. b.Many health-impairing habits creep up on us. c. People tend to rationalize high-risk behaviours by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits. d.People believe the risks associated with health-impairing habits are overstated by media sources. ANSWER: a 171. Beryl has dated ten different men in the past two years, and with each of them she often had unprotected sex. Even though she has read numerous articles about the dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse, Beryl is not concerned because she has convinced herself that she won’t contract any diseases. What does Beryl’s behaviour illustrate? a. Many people underestimate the risks associated with their own health- impairing behaviours. b.Women are more likely than men to engage in health-impairing habits. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 35 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health c. The risks associated with many health-impairing behaviours tend to be overstated by the media. d.Many people compensate for health-impairing behaviours by engaging in offsetting low-risk behaviours. ANSWER: a 172. Steve has a headache and some muscle stiffness, but he shrugs these symptoms off as a minor inconvenience. Micah has a headache and some muscle stiffness and is so concerned that he rushes himself to the urgent care centre of the local medical clinic. How would Steve likely score, relative to Micah, on tests of anxiety and neuroticism? a. higher in anxiety and neuroticism b. lower in anxiety and neuroticism c. lower in anxiety and higher in neuroticism d. higher in anxiety and lower in neuroticism ANSWER: b 173. Why is it a problem that some individuals tend to delay medical assessment? a. It reduces the rapport between physicians and patients. b. It leads to backlogs in emergency rooms when people finally do seek consultation. c. It reduces the likelihood of early diagnosis and effective treatment. d. It leads to an increase in the use of homeopathic therapies that are dangerous. ANSWER: c 174. What is NOT likely to be a barrier to effective provider-patient communication? a. the health care provider’s use of technical terminology b. time constraints on the length of the provider-patient interaction c. patient evasiveness about real health concerns d. consulting a health care provider who is not the same sex as the patient ANSWER: d 175. Natasha has typically found that when she sees her doctor, she doesn’t think of important questions until after she leaves, and she feels as if her doctor doesn’t understand her concerns. What should Natasha do in order to improve her communication with her doctor? a. Avoid being overly candid in replying to the doctor’s questions. b. Be more passive in her use of medical services. c. Prepare her questions in advance and not be embarrassed about getting clarification. d. Find another doctor who is the same age as Natasha. ANSWER: c 176. What is NOT typically a reason for noncompliance with medical advice? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 36 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health a. having a negative attitude toward physicians b. the degree of difficulty associated with following advice or instructions c. failing to understand advice or instructions d. patients’ personality traits ANSWER: d 177. What is the most important reason to improve the communication skills of health care professionals? a. Patients often do not speak English, and this prevents them from seeking health care. b.Physicians with excellent communication skills are particularly proficient in the use of medical jargon. c. Patients who understand their instructions and feel that their doctors interact with them in a positive manner are more likely to comply with health care advice or instructions. d.The better the communication skills of the health care provider, the faster patients can be treated. ANSWER: c 178. What is the approximate occurrence of noncompliance with medical advice? a. 5 to 10% b. 30 to 60% c. 65 to 75% d. 80 to 90% ANSWER: b 179. Which theme associated with your text is illustrated by the number of variables involved in the experience of stress? a. psychology in a sociohistorical context b. empiricism c. multifactorial causation d. subjectivity of experience ANSWER: c 180. Your text emphasizes that one’s physical health and illness is influenced by a complex array of psychological, biological, and social factors. Which of your text’s unifying themes does this reality illustrate? a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. b. Psychology is theoretically diverse. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 37 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 181. Which theme associated with your text does the fact that stress lies in the eye of the beholder illustrate? a. multifactorial causation b. empiricism c. psychology in a sociohistorical context d. subjectivity of experience ANSWER: d 182. Mary and John are teaming up to make an important sales presentation to 15 executives from a Fortune 500 company. Mary finds the challenge exhilarating, but John is a nervous wreck over the presentation. Which of your text’s unifying themes is illustrated by their differing reactions? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Psychology is theoretically diverse. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. ANSWER: d 183. Which therapeutic technique focuses on altering a client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviour? a. self-monitoring therapy b. constructive coping therapy c. behavioural therapy d. rational-emotive therapy ANSWER: d 184. You tell yourself that you will never be happy again now that your significant other has ended the relationship. What would Albert Ellis call this type of thinking? a. catharsis b. catastrophic thinking c. primary appraisal d. calamitous thinking ANSWER: b 185. What is involved in catastrophic thinking? a. exaggeration of the magnitude of one’s problems b. personality-disordered type of thinking c. focusing on major stressors and ignoring the impact of minor frustrations d. thinking associated with neuroticism ANSWER: a 186. Valerie is doing homework for her statistics class. When she checks the answer, she has just calculated for Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 38 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health the problem she has been working on, she finds it is incorrect. She is frustrated and tells her roommate: “I don't know why I even try. I’ll never catch on in this course. I should just give up now.” What would Albert Ellis say that Valerie is engaged in? a. defensive coping b. mental disengagement c. reality-based coping d. catastrophic thinking ANSWER: d 187. What is the key to making realistic appraisals of stress, according to Albert Ellis? a. disputing irrational assumptions b. focusing on what you should be doing c. ignoring your feelings d. avoiding examining your self-talk too closely ANSWER: a 188. Which statement best describes the discovery of humour in a stressful situation? a. It is an irrational reaction to a serious situation that requires a rational response. b. It is a counterproductive way of reducing stress. c. It can help to reduce stress by discharging pent-up emotions. d. It ignores the reality of the situation and makes it difficult to combat stress. ANSWER: c 189. What is the role of humour in times of stress? a. It is used as a defence mechanism by neurotics when dealing with stress. b. It typically follows catastrophic thinking. c. It is an example of counterproductive coping. d. It can relieve stress in most people. ANSWER: d 190. Sherman’s house was almost completely destroyed by fire last week. As he walked through the charred remains with the insurance adjuster, Sherman joked and said, “It’s too bad that the only thing that wasn’t destroyed is that ugly lamp.” How would researchers like McCrae characterize Sherman’s use of humour in this situation? a. It is an example of overcompensation and intellectualization. b. It will likely cause him to experience stress-rebound in the future. c. It can help to redefine the situation in a less threatening way. d. It will prevent post-traumatic stress disorder. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 39 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 191. What has been linked to suppression of anger and other emotions? a. Type A personalities b. successful coping with stress-related events c. hardy personalities d. increase in health problems ANSWER: d 192. What have Pennebaker and his colleagues demonstrated about the acts of talking or writing about stressful experiences? a. Talking or writing about stress leads to a sense of well-being in the short term but leads to rumination in the long term. b.Talking about stress events has beneficial effects but writing about them has no impact. c. Talking or writing about traumatic events increases overall stress levels. d.Talking or writing about traumatic events can have beneficial effects. ANSWER: d 193. Which statement best describes how a person who is suffering from learned helplessness responds to stress? a. Actively seeking and answer to their problem. b.They use fatalistic thinking and quickly become resigned to accept a negative outcome. c. They feel helpless and consequently they ask someone else to help them solve the problem the stressor presents. d.They usually seek psychiatric help. ANSWER: b 194. What is the term used by Benson to describe what you will feel if you settle yourself comfortably in a distraction-free environment, focus your attention on a constant stimulus, and adopt a passive attitude? a. hypnotic trance b. relaxation response c. psychological disinhibition d. altered state of consciousness ANSWER: b 195. Herbert Benson devised a simple procedure, called the relaxation response, which can have beneficial health effects. When should it be practised to experience the full benefits? a. on a daily basis b. when traditional medical treatments produce no improvement c. whenever a person has to deal with a major stressor d. for a minimum of 50 minutes a day, three days per week Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 40 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health ANSWER: a 196. Which of the following was NOT cited in the text as a factor that promotes relaxation? a. being in a comfortable position b. focusing on a constant stimulus c. fantasizing about future accomplishments d. developing a passive attitude ANSWER: c 197. Which of the following is supported by evidence on the benefits of exercise for reduction of disease risk? a. Competitive sports are best, because the focus on winning leads to the most adaptive responses. b. High amounts of exercise will make you immune to stress. c. Maintaining an exercise regimen is important for young adults, but the benefits decline as we age. d. Moderate amounts of exercise reduce your overall risk of disease. ANSWER: d 198. Mika is helping her grandmother choose a new apartment complex. There are two in particular that are at the top of her list. Whispering Pines has a weekly poker tournament, a low-impact aerobics class, and a dance every Friday night. Riverbend Hollow has a pottery class, a choir, and a book club. Which one would be best for reducing her mortality risk, according to research by Blair and colleagues? a. Whispering Pines, because of all the exercise opportunities. b. Both are equally good, because they have social opportunities. c. Riverbend Hollow, because of all the artistic opportunities. d. Neither. Mika’s grandmother would be better off living with family. ANSWER: a 199. Imagine that a researcher publishes the results from a study, and the results indicate that there is a statistically significant association between sleep deprivation and coronary disease. What does it mean to say that the results are statistically significant? a. Sleep deprivation causes coronary disease. b. The findings are not likely to be due to chance fluctuations. c. The effect of sleep deprivation on coronary disease is larger than the effect of any other factor. d. Coronary disease causes sleep deprivation. ANSWER: b 200. Researchers found a statistically significant association between high sodium intake and the prevalence of hypertension among normal-weight subjects. The prevalence of hypertension in the group with the lowest sodium intake was 19.8 percent; the prevalence of hypertension in the group with the highest sodium intake was Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 41 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 20.2 percent. What do these data suggest? a. The finding has both practical and statistical significance and should be reviewed in more detail. b. Even though the finding was statistically significant, it may not have much practical importance. c. Individuals with hypertension are prone to high sodium intake. d. One of the main causes of hypertension is a high intake of sodium. ANSWER: b 201. A friend shows you an article in the newspaper that indicates a researcher found the prevalence of a specific health disorder increased by 70 percent in individuals who consumed calcium-enhanced milk products. After reading this article, your friend has decided to stop purchasing any products that contain calcium. What should you tell your friend, based on the information provided in the Critical Thinking application at the end of the chapter? a. She has made an excellent choice, because 70 percent is a statistically significant increase in risk. b.The reported increase may not be important if the base rate of the disorder is quite low. c. The reported increase probably excludes a number of factors, so the risk may actually be greater than 70 percent. d.It is necessary only to cut out milk products, but there is no need to cut out other products that might also contain calcium. ANSWER: b Lacey Lacey just started a new job. She’s adjusting to working in a different place, with new co-workers and an increased amount of responsibility. She really enjoys her new job, but some of the changes are aggravating. For example, in order to get to her new job, she has to transfer from one bus line to another, and there are often delays at the transfer point. Lacey has started dealing with this delay by playing games on her phone. That way she always has something entertaining to do when she has to wait. Before she had games on her phone, Lacey would often find herself sitting on the bench getting angrier and angrier about the delay. By the time she got to work, she would have herself worked up into such a state that she would snap at her co-workers. She sat down with her boyfriend one night to brainstorm about ways that she could prevent herself from getting so angry. Her boyfriend pointed out that it was probably her boredom that made her so upset. That’s when she decided on the games. Now that she has a way to deal with the delay, Lacey also finds that she doesn’t get as many headaches as she used to. 202. Which term best describes Lacey’s stress associated with repeated bus delays? a. frustration b. hazard c. conflict d. pressure ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 42 Downloaded by Zyla Dal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49906282 Name Clas Dat : s: e: Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping, and Health 203. What would happen to Lacey’s score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale as a result of getting a great new job? a. It would go up. b. It would go up