Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Positive Psychology PDF

Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Positive Psychology Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part....

Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Positive Psychology Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Chapter Objectives (1 of 2) By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 12.01 Define stress and discriminate among the four types of stressors. 12.02 Define resilience and describe key factors in its expression. 12.03 Distinguish among the four types of conflict situations and give examples of each. 12.04 Discuss the role of cognitive appraisal in the biological stress response. 12.05 Explain the HPA axis and how the body responds to stress and how this physiological response may vary in males and females. 12.06 Discuss how the stress response influences immunity to disease. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Chapter Objectives (2 of 2) By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 12.07 Distinguish between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping styles, providing examples of each. 12.08 Describe positive and adaptive ways to manage and cope with stress and explain how these techniques influence the stress response and one’s health and well-being. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  Section 12.1 What Is Stress? Stress and Stressors Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  a) Life Events: Change is Stressful Stress: Any stimulus we respond to, perceived as challenging or threatening (stressor). Reaction to stress includes physiological and behavioral changes. Cope by perceiving and then reacting. Life events: Good or bad events that require adjustment. Voluntarily or involuntary Desirable or undesirable Scheduled or unscheduled Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  b) Catastrophes and Trauma Catastrophes (or catastrophic events) Very sudden and occur without warning Require enormous levels of adaptation Unpredictable Types of Trauma Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Rape trauma syndrome COVID stress syndrome Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  c) Daily Hassles: Little Things Add Up! Daily hassles: Plays a role in health and life satisfaction. Gender: Women are more likely to perceive stress from money, having too much to do, health concerns, trouble relaxing. Age: Younger people report more daily hassles and perceive them as more stressful than older adults. Socioeconomic status: Wealthier people feel they have more control over their lives and report having more fun. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Variations in Stress Racial and ethnic differences: African American are more likely to report economic hassles (social-class discrimination), exposure to noise, feeling lonely, and invasion of personal privacy. Hispanic Americans are more likely to report problems with aging parents as a hassle. Acculturative stress: The difficulties associated with adapting to a new culture. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  Resilience Adapting well to significant stressors, bouncing back from adversity. Biopsychosocial factors influence resilience − Temperament − Internal locus of control − Social support − Optimism Shift and persist strategies Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  d) Conflict: Approach and Avoidance Four common conflict situations: Approach-approach conflicts: Choose between two positive events Avoidance-avoidance: Choose between two negative events. Approach-avoidance conflict: Each choice has positive and negative qualities. Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts: Several potential options, each of which has positive and negative qualities. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Knowledge Check Activity 1 As a university student, you have to make many decisions. These might include which university to attend, where to live, what to major in, and which classes to take. Which type of conflict situation are you in? a. Approach-approach b. Avoidance-avoidance c. Approach-avoidance d. Multiple approach-avoidance Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Knowledge Check Activity 1: Answer As a university student, you have to make many decisions. These might include which university to attend, where to live, what to major in, and which classes to take. Which type of conflict situation are you in? d. Multiple approach-avoidance In real life, many conflicts involve several alternatives, each with both positive and negative features. These multiple approach-avoidance conflicts can contribute to the amount of stress we feel. In deciding which college to attend, you may have been faced with several choices. Each school may have had its good points and bad points (distance from home, tuition cost, program of studies, social life). Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Section 12.2 The Stress Response Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Cognitive Appraisal: Assessing Stress Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal Initial interpretation of an event. Evaluation of event after first appraisal. Can lead to positive or negative emotions. People consider resources available to cope with the stress. Threatening events perceived to cause some harm in the future. Includes coping strategy assessments. Challenge appraisal typically elicits positive emotions, perceived as less stressful. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  The Body’s Response to Stress Three phases of biological stress response (Selye): Alarm Resistance Exhaustion General Adaptation Syndrome Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Alarm Reaction and the HPA Axis Alarm reaction: Bodily responses immediately triggered after primary appraisal. Distress signal sent to hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal gland secretes stress hormones adrenaline and corticosteroids. Pituitary secretes endorphins preparing the body cope with stress. HPA axis is the interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16 Biological Pathway of the Stress Response – The HPA Axis Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome Resistance Stage: Body tries to repair itself and store energy to cope with stressor. Exhaustion stage Wear and tear on the body begins. High levels of adrenaline and corticosteroids damage the heart and lessens effectiveness of immune system. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Gender and the Stress Response Males Females Higher corticosteroid levels produced Estrogen enhances the level of compared to adult females, possibly oxytocin producing a more calming due to higher levels of testosterone. effect under stress. More likely to confront a threat under More likely to come together in stress. groups and seek social support. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Stress and the Immune System: Resistance to Disease Psychoneuroimmunology: Study of how stress affects physical health. Immunosuppression: Reduction in activity of the immune system. Immune system: Body’s basic defense against illness-causing agents. Fights and destroys bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. Immunosuppression occurs when system is compromised. Leaves us vulnerable to developing illness. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Discussion Activity 1 Being a student can be stressful. Students have a variety of methods to cope with stress, and some are more successful at managing stress than others. Discuss the following: a. Do you find yourself getting sick during the final exam week? b. What do you attribute that to? What can you do to prevent this? c. What do you do to relieve stress during your busiest times during the semester? Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Section 12.3 Coping with Stress Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Problem-Focused Coping: Change the Situation Coping: active efforts to deal with the effects of stress. Problem-focused coping: efforts to address the stressor to the best of our ability. Go to the source to solve the problem. Reducing the source of the stress, makes the situation more manageable. But what happens when there is no solution to the problem? Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Emotion-Focused Coping: Change Your Reaction Emotion-focused coping Concentrate on adjusting our own reactions to stressors. Often necessary when the source of a stressor is outside of our control. Cognitive reappraisal: Altering our interpretation of an event to reduce the stress potential and make it easier to cope with. Defense mechanisms: Unconscious, emotional strategies to reduce anxiety and maintain a positive self-image. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Defense Mechanisms Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Managing Stress: Applying the Research Strategies to help reduce stress: Exercise and meditation Relaxation, including progressive relaxation and laughter Developing social support relationships Spirituality and/or religion Guided imagery focused on a calm environment Optimism Effective time management Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Knowledge Check Activity 2 Which common defense mechanism directs emotions into an activity that is more constructive and socially acceptable? a. Sublimation b. Repression c. Rationalization d. Displacement Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Knowledge Check Activity 2: Answer Which common defense mechanism directs emotions into n activity that is more constructive and socially acceptable? a. Sublimation Everyone uses defense mechanisms from time to time. Some of these defense mechanisms are adaptive. Directing your anger into a more constructive activity, such as washing your car (sublimation), is more productive than hurting someone else. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28