Diabetes Now Chapter 12 PDF

FSHN 285 Chapter 12 Diabetes Now Diabetes affects 10.5 % of adults worldwide and approximately 11.4% of the U.S. population. The prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically over the past...

FSHN 285 Chapter 12 Diabetes Now Diabetes affects 10.5 % of adults worldwide and approximately 11.4% of the U.S. population. The prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically over the past several decades. In 1960, less than 1% of U.S. adults were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes-approximately 1.59 million people-had diagnosed diabetes. Fast forward to 2023, and there are 28.7 people diagnosed with diabetes in the U.S. There are also approximately 8.5 million people who have undiagnosed diabetes and are not receiving health services for the disorder. There are 3 major types of diabetes: 1. Type 1 Diabetes 2. Type 2 Diabetes 3. Gestational Diabetes True or False : The prevalence of diabetes has decreased over time. Which one of the three above types of diabetes is the most common? Type 2 Diabetes All three types of diabetes are characterized by hyperglycemia or high levels of blood glucose caused by a lack of insulin, ineffective insulin or both. Read How Insulin Works on page 156 and summarize what you have learned about insulin here: Insulin is produced in the pancreas to perform multiple functions but it’s main purpose is to reduce our blood glucose levels. Due to the consumption of carbohydrates it naturally raises our blood glucose level. The digestion of carbohydrates are absorbed as glucose that enters our bloodstream. We need glucose as it is used for energy for the cells but this process requires insulin If you are unable to produce insulin or you gain insulin resistance your blood glucose levels remain high. If the cells don’t get their energy it's called hyperglycemia. Few symptoms include headaches, fatigue, excess urination, and frequent infections. Diagnosis of Diabetes: Diagnosis of diabetes is by which 2 different blood tests: Fasting Blood Glucose test ○ Fasting for at least 8 hours Hemoglobin A1c test Normal fasting glucose is between 70 to 100 mg/dl. Diabetes is diagnosed when fasting blood glucose is > 125/dl. What does the hemoglobin A1c test measure? The percentage of hemoglobin proteins attached to the glucose in our blood Once glucose binds with hemoglobin, it will stay there for the life span of the hemoglobin (normally 120 days). Diabetes is diagnosed when hemoglobin A1c values are >6.4%. Circle or highlight the symptoms of hyperglycemia: weight gain slow healing sores blurred vision color blindness frequent urination high thyroid function headaches increased thirst shingles Health Complications of Diabetes: In the long run, diabetes contributes to: 1. Heart Disease 2. Hypertension 3. Nerve Damage 4. Blindness 5. Kidney failure 6. Stroke 7. Loss of Limbs The number one cause of death among people with diabetes is Heart Disease. Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that develops when: your body mistakenly attacks and destroys beta cells in your pancreas. Beta cells produce our insulin. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5 - 10% of cases and is most commonly diagnosed in: in children, teenagers, and young adults What is the relationship between breastfeeding and type 1 diabetes? If you breastfeed your infant for the first 4 months it gain a some level of protection against the development of type 1 diabetes Managing Type 1 Diabetes: Management of type 1 diabetes centers around three things: 1. Blood Glucose Control 2. Prevention of Hypoglycemia  3. Health Maintenance Diet for type 1 diabetes: Control your intake of carbohydrates since it can raise your blood glucose levels. Also limit the intake of added and high refined carbohydrates products. Consume food high in fiber and do physical activities. This device can alert you if your blood glucose levels are rising or dropping. Glucose and Insulin Management of Type 1 Diabetes: Technological advances: For type 1 Diabetes you use continuous glucose(CGM). It's a tiny sensor inserted just under the skin that measures blood glucose irl using your cell phone. Circle or highlight the symptoms of hypoglycemia: slow heart rate hunger feeling anxious confusion insomnia irritability clamminess headaches double vision Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, a condition in which cells react abnormally to the insulin secreted. This leads to blood glucose levels remaining higher than normal since less glucose can enter the cells. The body responds to elevated levels of glucose by signaling the beta cells of the pancreas to produce additional insulin. Increased production of insulin generally keeps blood glucose levels under control for a number of years. Then what happens? The beta cells have reached their limit from being overworked and it reduces insulin protection. This follows by an increase of blood glucose level Type 2 accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases. Although most often diagnosed in people over the age of 45, type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly common in children and 10 to 19 (adolescents). There is a genetic component to this disease as it runs in families and is more likely to occur in these ethnic groups: 1. Hispanic Blacks 2. Hispanic Americans 3. Native Americans 4. Asian Americans 5. Pacific Islanders Conditions Associated with Insulin Resistance: Summarize what you have learned about insulin resistance: Insulin resistance is caused by an unusual ability of the body to use insulin. Due to insulin resistance blood glucose can’t enter the cell. It can’t enter, instead it's converted to glycogen and fat by the liver. Fats will be stored in the liver then if it’s needed it will be stored and transferred to the muscle. The increase of triglycerides(fat) can lead to the development of fatty liver disease. Fatty liver disease is characterized by an excess accumulation of fat in the liver. Officially called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), it refers to a spectrum of liver damage. It is estimated that 24% of the U.S. population has fatty liver disease. Who is more likely to get fatty liver disease? With certain genetic traits, men hispanic american, and heavier body figure, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome Metabolic Syndrome: Insulin resistance is also related to the development of metabolic abnormalities. Physicians have known for decades that individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes are at high risk for heart disease but they didn’t know why. Over time, research studies discovered that a large part of the answer to their answers was insulin resistance which is related to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including: 1. Abdominal fat waist circumference greater or equal to 40 inches in men, greater or equal to 35 inches in females 2. High Blood Pressure( 130mm Hg or higher or 80mm Hg or higher) 3. Elevated blood triglycerides levels 150 mg/dL or higher 4. Low levels of protective HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. - Less than 50 mg/dL in women - Less than 20 mg/dL in men 5. Elevated Fasting blood glucose levels 100 mg/dL or higher The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is made when 3 or more of the above abnormalities are identified. Managing Type 2 Diabetes: As with all forms of diabetes, diet is a cornerstone of the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diet can be individualized for people with type 2 diabetes. Eating patterns are based on: 1. Emphasis on non-starchy vegetables 2. Limitation of added sugar and refined grains 3. Limitation of processed foods True or False Carbohydrate choices should be low in fiber. True or False Sodium intake should be kept >2,300 mg per day. True or False Women can have 2 or fewer alcohol containing drinks per day. True or False Fats should be unsaturated Reducing Carbohydrate Intake. What are the benefits of reducing carbohydrate intake? Play a big role in managing type 2 diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, reducing your carbohydrates intake reduces hemoglobin and the need for diabetes medication. Other studies that every 10% decrease in your carbohydrate intake reduces your production hemoglobin, fasting glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure Meal Planning Tools. What 2 tools are helpful? 1. Diabetes plate method 2. Carbohydrate counting Looking at the diabetes plate on page 160: True or False Half of the plate should be non starchy vegetables. True or False Fruit juice is the recommended drink. True or False One fourth of the plate should be protein foods. Look at the list of non-starchy vegetables on page 160 and list those that you personally have eaten in the last week: - Onions - Peppers - Green beans Other Lifestyle Components. Exercise! The overall goal is to increase intensity, frequency, and duration to reach at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise weekly. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: What are some practical diet changes that people can implement to reduce their risk of developing diabetes? Balancing your calorie intakes based on your energy intake and achieving a healthy body for your size. Also limitation of processed food, getting more nutrient dense foods, and healthy fat oils. ENgage in physical activities and make healthier habits in your life. Review the health action information on preventing type 2 diabetes on page 161. How many of the 10 risk factors personally apply to you? 2 Gestational Diabetes: Approximately 8% of women develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is caused by insulin resistance that develops during pregnancy due to the increase in hormones and body size. Which women are at greater risk for developing gestational diabetes? Due to undiagnosed prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in mothers. Native Americans, non-Hisapnic Black, Hispanic Americans, Native American, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders These women are at greater risk of developing diabetes later in life. What is the treatment for gestational diabetes? To work closely with her health-care provider and a RDN True or False Mothers older than 25 years are at risk for developing gestational diabetes. Using the carbohydrate content of foods table, page 162, answer these: True or False Salad greens have little or no carbohydrate. True or False 1 teaspoon of honey has less carbohydrates than 1 teaspoon of sugar. True or False 1 cup of skim milk has less carbohydrates than 1 cup of fruit drink. True or False 1 apple has less carbohydrate than 15 jelly beans. How can we reduce diabetes in the future? By making healthier environmental and lifestyle choices. For example, decreasing the intake of sugar drinks and engaging more in physical activity.