Chapter 12 Brain Review Sheet PDF
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Houston Community College
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This document appears to be a study guide or review sheet on brain anatomy and functions. It covers various aspects of the brain, including regions, matter types, and the ventricular system. The outline and detailed descriptions suggest a possible use in an education setting.
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Chapter 12 Brain Review sheet 1) Cephalization 2) Regions of the brain: a. Cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres b. Diencephalon c. Brain stem d. Cerebellum 3) Gray matter (ganglia and nuclei) and white matter (nerve tracts, lipid rich) 4) Ventricular sys...
Chapter 12 Brain Review sheet 1) Cephalization 2) Regions of the brain: a. Cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres b. Diencephalon c. Brain stem d. Cerebellum 3) Gray matter (ganglia and nuclei) and white matter (nerve tracts, lipid rich) 4) Ventricular system (contain CSF, secreted from choroid plexus of ventircles, reabsorbed by arachnoid mater) a. Lateral ventricles b. Interventricular foramens c. Third ventricle d. Cerebral aqueduct e. Fourth ventricle f. Subarachnoid space g. Subdural space (potential space only, e.g. due to injury) h. Central canal 5) Cerebrum a. Sulci and gyri b. Longitudinal fissure c. Transverse cerebral fissure d. Lobes i. Frontal ii. Parietal iii. Occipital iv. Temporal v. Insula e. Cerebral cortex (gray matter) i. Executive function ii. Domains (reading, hearing, etc.) iii. Contralateral iv. Motor areas 1. Primary motor cortex (executing motor activity) a. Motor homunculus 2. Premotor cortex (planning motor activity, depends on sensory input) 3. Broca’s area (speech) v. Sensory areas 1. Primary somatosensory (touch and proprioception) 2. Somatosensory association (integrating somatosensory information) 3. Visual (primary and association) a. visual association (makes sense of visual information, e.g. recognize faces) 4. Auditory (primary and association) 5. Vestibular cortex (balance/position of head in space) 6. Olfactory (smell, unlike other sensory areas, develops from same part as limbic system, odors connect with emotional response to memories) 7. Gustatory (taste) 8. Visceral sensory (visceral sensations (e.g. upset stomach, full bladder)) vi. Prefrontal cortex (intellect and personality) vii. Posterior association area (understanding visual information; Wernicke area: understanding language) viii. Limbic association area (not the limbic system) (emotional impact of memories) ix. Lateralization (right and left brain) f. white matter i. association tracts (one hemisphere) ii. commissural tracts (across the hemispheres) iii. projection fibers (connect to lower brain and spinal cord) g. nuclei (gray matter) i. important in modulating and fine tuning motor activity 6) Diencelphalon a. Thalamus: Receiving station for incoming sensory information, send to appropriate part of the cortex b. Hypothalamus: Controls autonomic nervous system (e.g. blood pressure, body temperature, hunger, sleep/wake, etc.); physical response to emotions c. Epithalamus/pineal gland: melatonin regulates daily and annual rhythms 7) Brainstem (like spinal cord, but with nuclei (grey) inside the white matter) a. Midbrain (contains relay centers, cranial nerves III and IV (oculomotor and trochlear) b. Pons (conduction tracts; cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial) c. Medulla oblongata (autonomic reflex center, cardiovascular center, breathing, etc.; cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XII) 8) Cerebellum (compares expected motor activity with actual motor activity, then makes adjustments) a. Receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction b. Receives signals from proprioceptors throughout body, as well as visual and equilibrium pathways that continuously “inform” cerebellum of body’s position and momentum c. Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate muscle contraction d. Sends “blueprint” of coordinated movement to cerebral motor cortex and brain stem nuclei 9) Limbic system (widely distributed) (emotional reactions) 10) Reticular system (widely distributed) (consciousness and sleep) 11) Meninges (protect CNS from being damaged by bones) a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid mater c. Pia mater 12) Blood-brain barrier: wraps capillaries to protect homeostasis for brain neurons