Nervous system-2 (3).pdf

CNS(2)  Brain a...

CNS(2)  Brain a CNS cord Nervous System -3 PNS 31 Pairs of spiral nerve of cranial nerve 12 pairs The Central Nervous System: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of: 1. The Brain, located in the cranial cavity (‫ غﻟـﻤﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﺠﻮﯾـﻒا ﻟﺠـﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬، ‫)اﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا‬ 2. The Spinal Cord, located in the vertebral canal (‫ ﻟـﻤﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﻘﻨﺎا ةﻟـﻔﻘﺮﯾـﺔ‬، ‫)اﻟـﺤﺒﻞا ﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲا‬ Structurally, the brain and spinal cord consist of: Grey Matter and White Matter. b b (‫ ﯾـﺘﻜﻮا نﻟـﺪﻣـﺎاو غﻟـﺤﺒﻞا ﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺮﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔاو ﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬،‫)ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻨﺎﺣـﯿﺔا ﻟﮭـﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ nerve cells nerve fibers 40 - · jigdise - gade &0 ii neive cells sheath i G Myelin ness/ substance  ‫‪Nervous System‬‬ ‫‪The Central Nervous System:‬‬ ‫‪The Grey Matter:‬‬ ‫‪- It is a collection of neuron cells bodies in the CNS‬‬ ‫)ـھوﻲ ﻋـﺒﺎةر ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦأ ﺟـﺴﺎا مﻟـﺨﻼﯾـﺎا ﻟـﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺠﮭﺎا زﻟـﻌﺼﺒﻲا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي( ‪-‬‬ ‫‪- It is called gray because the cell body contain DNA/RNA which make the dark color‬‬ ‫)ﯾـﻄﻠﻖا ﻟـﺮﻣـﺎيد ﻷن ﺟـﺴﻢا ﻟﺨـﻠﯿﺔ ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺣـﻤﺾ ﻧـﻮيو ﻣـﻤﺎ ﯾـﺠﻌﻞا ﻟـﻠﻮا نﻟـﺪاﻛـﻦ( ‪-‬‬ ‫‪- In the brain, the grey matter is located at the periphery, but in the spinal cord it is present‬‬ ‫)ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎ‪ ،‬غ ﺗـﻮﺟـﺪا ﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺮﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﻤﺤﯿﻂو ‪ ،‬ﻟـﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻣـﻮﺟـﻮةد ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰ ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻤﻮا دﻟـﻔﻘﺮي‪in the centre. (.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ When the gray matter present in the outer surface of the brain it’s called Cortex‬‬ ‫)ﻋـﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗـﻜﻮا نﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺮﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔ ﻣـﻮﺟـﻮةد ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺴـﻄﺢا ﻟـﺨﺎرﺟـﻲ ﻟـﻠﺪﻣـﺎغ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺸـﺮة( ‪-‬‬ ‫‪ When the gray matter present in the deep part of the brain it’s called Nucleus‬‬ ‫= ‪-‬‬ ‫)ﻋـﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗـﻜﻮا نﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺮﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔ ﻣـﻮﺟـﻮةد ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟـﻌﻤﯿﻖ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﻨﻮةا(‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎدة رﻣﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺰم ﻋﺼﺒﯿﺔ‪/‬اﻟﯿﺎف ﻋﺼﺒﯿﺔ )ﺟﺎي ﻣﻦ ال‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ واﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ واﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺴّﻤﯿﮭﺎ ‪)nucleus‬ﻣﺶ‬ ‫‪ ( gray matter‬ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﺎزﻟﺔ او طﺎﻟﻌﺔ ‪E‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة(‬ ‫)‪central‬‬ ‫↑‬ ‫ Tracts - (‫)اﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺒﯿﻀﺎء ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺤﺒﻞا ﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟﺤـﺰم‬ Sections through the CNS present grayish and whitish regions. (‫)ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣـﻘﺎـطﻊ ﺧـﻼا لﻟـﺠﮭﺎا زﻟـﻌﺼﺒﻲا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي ﺗﻈﮭـﺮ ﻣـﻨﺎـطﻖر ﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔو ﺑـﯿﻀﺎء‬  CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM THEBRAIN  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain: - (ga11sy ) The brain is divided into three major divisions: 6 1. Forebrain, consists of: 1. Cerebrum. (‫)اﻟـﻤﺦ‬ Cerebral 2. Diencephalon. (‫)اﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟـﺒﯿﻨﻲ‬ (‫)اﻟﻤﮭﺎد‬thalamus ‫& ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬ (‫)ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﮭﺎد‬hypothalamus+ 3. Midbrain ‫وﺟﺎي ﺑﻨﺺ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺑﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﺗﯿﺮة‬. cerebral cortex‫ﻟﻞ‬ 4. Hindbrain, consists of: E 1. Medulla Oblongata (‫)اﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻄﯿﻞ‬ Sisissnd - 2. Pons (‫)ﺑـﻮﻧـﺲ‬ 3. Cerebellum (‫)اﻟـﻤﺨﯿﺦ‬ ‫ھﻮ ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ ! medulla‫ﻟﻞ‬ ✤ The Brainstem (‫)ﺟـﺬا عﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ‬ oblangata It is collective term for the following structure : 1. Midbrain (‫)اﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟـﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‬ 2. Pons (‫)ﺑـﻮﻧـﺲ‬ 3. Medulla Oblongata (‫)اﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻄﯿﻞ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex(‫)ﻗﺸﺮة اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬ The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. (‫)اﻟـﻤﺦـھ ﻮأ ﻛـﺒﺮ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ‬ It consists of two large hemispheres.(the left and the right cerebral hemispheres) ((‫)ﯾـﺘﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﺼﻔﻲ ﻛـﺮة ﻛـﺒﯿﺮة )ﻧـﺼﻔﻲا ﻟـﻤﺦا ﻷﯾﺴـﺮاو ﻷﯾـﻤﻦ‬ Each cerebral hemisphere consists of: - Surface layer of grey matter, called Cerebral Cortex - (‫ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ‬،‫)ـطﺒﻘﺔ ﺳـﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺮﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔ‬ - Central core of white matter. (‫)اﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟـﺪاﺧـﻠﻲ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻤﺎا ةدﻟـﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: The outer surface of cerebral hemisphere has series of elevations called The Gyri, separated by shallow grooves called The Sulci (‫ ﻣـﻔﺼﻮﻟـﺔ ﺑـﺄﺧـﺎدﯾـﺪ ﺿﺤـﻠﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢ‬،‫)ﯾـﺤﺘﻮا يﻟﺴـﻄﺢا ﻟـﺨﺎرﺟـﻲ ﻟـﻨﺼﻒا ﻟـﻜﺮا ةﻟـﻤﺨﯿﺔ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺳـﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦا ﻻرﺗـﻔﺎﻋـﺎت ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ ﺗـﻼﻓـﯿﻒ‬ - These structures increase the surface area of the brain. (‫)ﺗـﺰﯾـﺪـھ ﺬا هﻷﺟـﺰءا ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺣـﺔ ﺳـﻄﺢا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ‬ Sensory · pin Lord in & u A wir Herea => E  ‫‪Injury of occipital lobe‬‬ ‫‪Nervous System‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ ﺑﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ؟؟‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻰ =‪blindness‬‬ ‫‪The Central Nervous System:‬‬ ‫‪The Brain/ Cerebrum:‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻘّﻮي ال ‪memory‬‬ ‫‪✤ Lobes of Cerebral hemisphere‬‬ ‫‪)center‬ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت( ؟؟‬ ‫‪(١‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ وراﺛﻲ)ﺑﺘﻼﻗﻲ اذا اﻻب ذﻛﻲ او اﻻم‬ ‫ذﻛﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﯾﻄﻠﻊ اﻻﺑﻦ ذﻛﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة( ‪ The Each cerebral hemisphere is divided by 3 main sulci into 4 lobes:‬‬ ‫⑤‬ ‫)ﯾـﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻛـﻞ ﻧـﺼﻒد ﻣـﺎﻏـﻲإ ﻟـﻰ ‪ ٤‬ﻓـﺼﻮص ﻋـﻦـط ﺮﯾـﻖأ ‪٣‬ﺧـﺎدﯾـﺪر ﺋـﯿﺴﺔ( ‬ ‫‪8‬‬‫)اﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲ‪ ،‬ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮﻛـﺰا ﻟـﺘﻔﻜﯿﺮ( ‪1. The frontal lobe, contains the thinking center‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫وﻣﺮات ﺑﺘﻼﻗﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ اذﻛﯿﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪(٢‬اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪(٣‬اﻻﺻﺤﺎب)ﺑﺘﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﺎس ﺷﺎطﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫‪8‬‬‫)اﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲ‪ ،‬ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮﻛـﺰا ﻟـﺴﻤﻊ( ‪2. The temporal lobe, contains the hearing center‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎطﺮ(‬ ‫⑧‬‫‪(٤‬اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة واﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻻﻛﺜﺮ )اﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟـﻘﺬاﻟـﻲ‪ ،‬ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮﻛـﺰا ﻟـﺮؤﯾـﺔ( ‪3. The occipital lobe, contains the vision center‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟﺠـﺪ‪ ،‬يرا ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮﻛـﺰا ﻟـﺬاﻛـﺮة( ‪4. The parietal lobe, contains the memory center‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ اﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ ﺗﺘﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﺣﺴﺎس وﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة …ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺜﻼ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪crotal c ona‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎف ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﯿﻨﮫ ﺑﺘﺨﺰن ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ وﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ The 3 main sulci are :‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬‫‪1. The Central Sulcus.‬‬ ‫⑮‬ ‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي(‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪2. The Lateral Sulcus.‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺠﺎﻧـﺒﻲ(‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪The Parieto - Occipital Sulcus.‬‬ ‫)ا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠـﺪا يراﻟـﻘﺬاﻟـﻲ(‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤Major Sulci & Gyri of the Cerebral hemisphere Major sulci of the frontal lobe : (‫)اﻷﺧـﺎدﯾـﺪا ﻟـﺮﺋﯿﺴـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲ‬: - 1. Precentral sulcus (lies infront and parallel to the central sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢ ﻗـﺒﻞا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﻓـﻲا ﻷﻣـﺎو مﻣـﺘﻮيزا ﻣـﻊا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ 2. Superior frontal sulcus (begins at the upper part of Precentral sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي )ﯾـﺒﺪأ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟـﻌﻠﻮي ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢ ﻗـﺒﻞا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬ ‫اﺳﻤﺎء ﻓﻘﻂ‬ 3. Inferior frontal sulcus (begins at the lower part of Precentral sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ )ﯾـﺒﺪأ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢ ﻗـﺒﻞا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Major Sulci & Gyri of the Cerebral hemisphere Major gyri of the frontal lobe : (‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺮﺋﯿﺴـﻲ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲ‬ 1. The Precentral gyrus. - (lies between the central sulcus and Precentral sulcus ) ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰاو يﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬ 2. The Superior frontal gyrus ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ - (lies above the Superior frontal sulcus ) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﻓـﻮا قﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﺳﻤﺎء ﻓﻘﻂ‬ 3. The middle frontal gyrus. - (lies between the Superior frontal sulcus and Inferior frontal sulcus ) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻷوﺳـﻂ )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮاو يﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ 4. The Inferior frontal gyrus. - (lies below the Inferior frontal sulcus ) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ )ﯾـﻘﻊأ ﺳـﻔﻞا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Major Sulci & Gyri of the Cerebral hemisphere Major sulci of the parietal lobe : (‫)اﻷﺧـﺎدﯾـﺪا ﻟـﺮﺋﯿﺴـﯿﺔ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟﺠـﺪيرا‬ 1. Postcentral sulcus (lies behind and parallel to the central sulcus) E - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻼﺣـﻖا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺧـﻠﻒو ﯾـﻮا يزاﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬ ‫ ﻣﮭﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﺎل‬Major gyri of the parietal lobe : (‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺮﺋﯿﺴـﻲ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠـﺪيرا‬ memory & 2. The Postcentral gyrus (lies between the central sulcus and Postcentral sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻌﺪا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰاو يﻟـﺘﻠﻢ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻌﺪا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬  Nervous System ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺄﺳﻤﺎء‬ ↑ ‫ﻣﮭﻤﯿﻦ‬ The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Major Sulci & Gyri of the Cerebral hemisphere Major sulci of the temporal lobe : (‫)أﺧـﺎدﯾـﺪا ﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲ‬ 1. Superior temporal sulcus - (lies below and parallel to the lateral sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺗـﺤﺖا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺠﺎﻧـﺒﻲو ﯾـﻮزاﯾـﮫ‬ 2. Middle temporal sulcus - (lies below and parallel to the Superior temporal sulcus) ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻷوﺳـﻂ )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺗـﺤﺖا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮو يﯾـﻮزاﯾـﮫ‬ Major gyri of the temporal lobe : (‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺮﺋﯿﺴـﻲ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲ‬ ‫&اﻻھﻢ ﻻﻧﮫ ال‬1. The Superior temporal gyrus - central of - (lies between the lateral sulcus and Superior temporal ‫ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬hearing sulcus) ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﻮﺣﺸـﻲاو ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي‬ 2. The Middle temporal gyrus - (lies between Superior temporal sulcus and Middle temporal sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻷوﺳـﻂ )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮاو يﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻷوﺳـﻂ‬ 3. The Inferior temporal gyrus - (lies below the Middle temporal sulcus) - ((‫)اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ )ﯾـﻘﻊأ ﺳـﻔﻞا ﻟـﺘﻠﻢا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻷوﺳـﻂ‬  Nervous System: ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻛﺰ ﺑﻘﺸﺮة اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺗﻜﻮن اّﻣﺎ‬ ‫(ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺣﺮﻛﯿﺔ)ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬١ The Central Nervous System: (‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ The Brain/ Cerebrum: ‫(ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺣﺴﯿّﺔ‬٢ ✤ Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex The cerebral cortex is the most developed part of the human brain. (‫)اﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔـھ ﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻷﻛـﺜﺮ ﺗـﻄﻮارً ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟﺒﺸـﺮي‬ E It is divided into a large number of areas, each area has motor function or sensory function. (‫ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟـﮭﺎـظو ﯿﻔﺔ ﺣـﺮﻛـﯿﺔـظو وأ ﯿﻔﺔ ﺣﺴـﯿﺔ‬،‫)ـھوﻲ ﻣـﻘﺴﻤﺔإ ﻟـﻰ ﻋـﺪد ﻛـﺒﯿﺮ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖ‬ frontal lobe s. ✤ 52 regions by the German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann  ‫ﻣﮭﻢ ﺟﺪا‬ ‫‪Nervous System‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺠﻲ ﺳﺆال ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﺎغ؟؟‬ ‫‪The Central Nervous System:‬‬ ‫‪Area 4/6/8/44/45‬‬ ‫‪The Brain/ Cerebrum:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ وﺣﺪة ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ ووظﯿﻔﺘﮭﺎ ورﻗﻤﮭﺎ‬ ‫✤‬ ‫‪Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤـﺮﻛـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲ( ‪ Motor areas in the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe:‬‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪1. The Primary Motor Area (Area 4):‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‪ :‬ﯾـﺸﻐﻞا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒ ﻗـﺒﻞا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي( ‪- Site : occupies the precentral gyrus‬‬ ‫‪- Function : give origin to the-‬‬ ‫& ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻻرادﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) which controls‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻞ‪/‬ﺗﺸﺮب‪/‬ﺗﻀﺮب‪/‬ﺗﻤﺸﻲ)ﺑﺘﻨﺰل اﺷﺎرات ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ area 4‬ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺪي اﺣّﺮﻛﮭﺎ(‬ ‫‪the motor activity of the skeletal muscles‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‪:‬إ ﻋـﻄﺎء ﻣـﻨﺸﺄ ﻟـﻠﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﮭـﺮﻣـﻲ )اﻟـﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﻘﺸـﺮي(ا ﻟـﺬي ﯾـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﻨﺸﺎا طﻟﺤـﺮﻛـﻲ ﻟـﻠﻌﻀﻼا تﻟﮭـﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ( ‪-‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪The Premotor Area (Area 6):‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‪:‬أ ﻣـﺎو مﻣـﻮا ةازاﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي( ‪- Site : infront and parallel to the precentral gyrus‬‬ ‫‪ -E Function : give origin to the-‬ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ال ‪skills movement‬‬ ‫‪extrapyramidal tract which controls the muscle tone‬‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫&‬ ‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‪:‬إ ﻋـﻄﺎأ ءﺻـﻞ ﻟـﻠﺠﮭﺎز ﺧـﺎـھ جرﺮﻣـﻲا ﻟـﺬي ﯾـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓـﻲ ﻗـﻮا ةﻟـﻌﻀﻼاو تﻟﺤـﺮﻛـﺔا ﻟـﻼدارإﯾـﺔ‪and involuntary movement. (.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ‪/‬اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪدھﺎ)ﻋﺪدھﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ( اﻧّﻤﺎ ﺑﺰﯾﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻋﻤﺮھﺎ ‪ ١٨‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺪھﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻗﺔ)اﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﺎغ(اول ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻮق ﻣﺎ‬ ‫رح ﺗﻌﺮف ﻻﻧﮫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎھﺎ‬ ‫واﻋﻄﯿﻨﺎھﺎ اﻟﻤﮭﺎرة ﺑﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﺧﺬﻟﮭﺎ ‪٤٠-٢٠‬‬ ‫درس ﺑﺘﺼﯿﺮ ﺗﺴﯿﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة وﺗﺴﻮق ﻣﺰﺑﻮط‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﻛﺒﺮت وﺻﺎرت ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﺎرة وﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﮭﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﻀﺎ ً اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﺼﻐﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰھﺎﯾﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬  ‫‪Nervous System‬‬ ‫‪The Central Nervous System:‬‬ ‫‪The Brain/ Cerebrum:‬‬ ‫✤‬ ‫‪Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤـﺮﻛـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲ( ‪ Motor areas in the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe:‬‬ ‫‪3. The Frontal Eye Field Area (Area 8):‬‬ ‫‪- Site : infront of the premotor area, in the middle frontal gyrus‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‪:‬أ ﻣـﺎم ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔا ﻟﻤﺤـﺮا كﻟـﺮﺋﯿﺴـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻷﻣـﺎﻣـﻲا ﻷوﺳـﻂ( ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﱢﺮك ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ‪,‬‬ ‫& ﻣﺜﻼ اذا ﺣﻜﺘﻠﻚ طﻠﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ blindness - Function : responsible for-‬ﺑﺘﺮوح ﺗﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس‬ ‫‪movement of eye muscles‬‬ ‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‪ :‬ﻣـﺴﺆوﻟـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺣـﺮﻛـﺔ ﻋـﻀﻼا تﻟـﻌﯿﻦ( ‪ -‬وﺑﺘﺤّﺮك ﻋﯿﻨﯿﻚ ﺗﺪور ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ )درﺳﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻌﯿﻦ(‬ ‫‪Niss‬‬ ‫‪4. The Broca’s Speach Area (Area 44,45):‬‬ ‫↳‬ ‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟﺠﺒﮭـﻲا ﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻲ( ‪- Site : in the inferior frontal gyrus‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪- Function : responsible for -‬ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻼم ﻣﺜﻼً ﻟﻤﺎ اﺳﺄل ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‪:‬ا ﻟـﻤﺴﺆلو ﻋـﻦا ﻟـﻜﻼاو مﻟـﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ( ‪speech and articulation.‬‬ ‫)‪ Damage of area 44 results in aphasia (inability to speak‬ا ﺳﻤﻚ؟؟؟‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﺆال وﻋﺮف ﻣﻌﻨﺎه وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﺎوب‪،‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)ﺗـﻠﻒا ﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﯾـﺆإ يدﻟـﻰ )ﻋـﺪا مﻟـﻘﺪةر ﻋـﻠﻰا ﻟـﻜﻼم(( ‪ -‬ﻛﯿﻒ؟؟ راﺣﺖ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﺷﺎرة ﻋﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫·‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺴﻤﻊ وﻋﺮف ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫↓‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ راﺣﺖ اﺷﺎرة ﻟﻞ)‪motor(44/45‬‬ ‫‪center‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫وﺑﺘﺮد ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺳﻤﻲ اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً‪.‬‬ ‫اذا ھﺎي اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻀﺮرت وواﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻟﻚ ھﯿﻚ ﺳﺆال ﺑﺘﻔﮭﻢ ﺟﻮاﺑﮫ ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ف ﺑﺘﻜﺘﺒﮫ ع‬ ‫ورﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas of the Cerebral cortex: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ‬ Each sensation have primary area and secondary (Association) area. - (‫)ﻛـﻞإ ﺣـﺴﺎس ﻟـﺪﯾـﮫ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔأ ﺳـﺎﺳـﯿﺔو ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺛـﺎﻧـﻮﯾـﺔ‬ -- The primary areas receives the neural impulse (makes you aware of a sensation) then sends it to the association areas which process the neural message - (give meaning to the sensation). - - ((‫)ﺗـﺘﻠﻘﻰا ﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻷوﻟـﯿﺔا ﻟـﻨﺒﺾا ﻟـﻌﺼﺒﻲ )ﯾـﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﺗـﺪا كرﻹﺣـﺴﺎس( ﺛـﻢ ﺗـﺮﺳـﻠﮫإ ﻟـﻰ ﻣـﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻻرﺗـﺒﺎا طﻟـﺘﻲ ﺗـﻌﺎﻟـﺞا ﻟـﺮﺳـﺎﻟـﺔا ﻟـﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ )ﺗـﻌﻄﻲ ﻣـﻌﻨﻰ ﻟـﻺﺣـﺴﺎس‬ ‫ اﻟﺴﻤﻊ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺮوح ﻋﻠﻰ‬area ً‫* ﻣﺜﻼ‬ superior temporal gyrus ‫ال‬ =>hises Hisensegyrus gurys ‫ﻤﯿﮭﺎ‬ ّ ‫ﺑﺴ‬ ‫اوﻻً ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻻﺷﺎرة اﻟﺴﻤﻌﯿﺔ زي‬ ‫ ﻣﺎ اﺳﻤﻚ ؟؟‬: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ' ‫ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﻞ‬ secondary(association) primary ‫اﻟﻠﻲ ھﯿﮫ ﺣﻮاﻟﯿﻦ ال‬ ‫؟؟‬association‫ﺷﻮ وظﯿﻔﺔ ال‬ ‫)ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻻﺷﺎرة‬meaning‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ال‬ (‫اﻟﻠﻲ ﺳﻤﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺸﺎن ھﯿﻚ اﻧﺖ ﻋﻄﻮل ﺑﺘﺠﺎوب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻚ وﺑﺘﻔّﺮق ﻛﻞ ﺳﺆال ﺑﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﯾﺎه‬.‫ﺑﺈﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲ‬ 81. Primary Auditory Area (Area 41,42): - Site : in the middle of the superior temporal gyrus* (Heschl's gyrus) - ((‫ ﻓـﻲ ﻣـﻨﺘﺼﻒا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي )اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒـھ ﯿﺸﻞ‬:‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ => - Function : receives hearing sensation from the inner ear through auditory nerve then sends it to the secondary auditory center - - (‫ ﯾﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞا ﻹﺣـﺴﺎا سﻟـﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﻣـﻦا ﻷا نذﻟـﺪاﺧـﻠﯿﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼا لﻟـﻌﺼﺐا ﻟـﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﺛـﻢ ﯾـﺮﺳـﻠﮫإ ﻟـﻰا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰا ﻟـﺴﻤﻌﻲا ﻟـﺜﺎﻧـﻮي‬:‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Damage of area 41,42 results - T (‫)ﯾـﺆيد ﺗـﻠﻒا ﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔإ ﻟـﻰا ﻟـﺼﻤﻢ‬ in deafness  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲ‬ O 2. Association Auditory Area (Area 22/Wernicke’s Area): - Site : in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus --- - (‫ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟﺨـﻠﻔﻲ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒا ﻟـﺼﺪﻏـﻲا ﻟـﻌﻠﻮي‬:‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ - Function : responsible for comprehension of speech (knowing the meaning of sound) ((‫ ﻣـﺴﺆلو ﻋـﻦ ﻓـﮭﻢا ﻟـﻜﻼم)ﻣـﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﻌﻨﻰا ﻟـﺼﻮت‬:‫ـﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟ ـ‬ - Damage of area 22, the patient can hear but can’t comprehend the meaning - (‫ ﯾـﻤﻜﻦ ﻟـﻠﻤﺮﯾـﺾنأ ﯾـﺴﻤﻊو ﻟـﻜﻦ ﻻ ﯾﺴـﺘﻄﯿﻊا ﺳـﺘﯿﻌﺎا بﻟـﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬،‫)ﺗـﻠﻒ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟـﻘﺬاﻟـﻲ‬ 9 Se. ⑧1. Primary Visual Area (Area 17): - Site : in the posterior part of occipital lobe (‫ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟﺨـﻠﻔﻲ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟـﻘﺬاﻟـﻲ‬:‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ - Function : receives visual sensation from the eye through the optic nerve then sends it to the visual association area & - - (‫ ﯾـﺘﻠﻘﻰا ﻹﺣـﺴﺎا سﻟـﺒﺼﺮي ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻌﯿﻦ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼا لﻟـﻌﺼﺐا ﻟـﺒﺼﺮي ﺛـﻢ ﯾـﺮﺳـﻠﮫإ ﻟـﻰ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔا ﻻرﺗـﺒﺎا طﻟـﺒﺼﺮي‬:‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Damage of area 17 results in # - blindness (‫)ﯾـﺆيد ﺗـﻠﻒا ﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔإ ﻟـﻰا ﻟـﻌﻤﻰ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex ✤ Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟـﻘﺬاﻟـﻲ‬ 2. Association Visual Area (Area 18,19): - Site : surrounds the primary visual area. (‫ ﯾـﺤﯿﻂ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔا ﻟـﻤﺮﺋـﯿﺔا ﻷﺳـﺎﺳـﯿﺔ‬:‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ 6,41. - Function : responsible for knowing the meaning of the pictures seen - - - (‫ ﻣـﺴﺆلو ﻋـﻦ ﻣـﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﻌﻨﻰا ﻟـﺼﻮا رﻟـﻤﺮﺋـﯿﺔ‬:‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‬ Damage of area 18,19 inability to comprehend the visual message (visual hallucination) ((‫)ﺗـﻠﻒ ﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋـﺪا مﻟـﻘﺪةر ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻓـﮭﻢا ﻟـﺮﺳـﺎﻟـﺔا ﻟـﻤﺮﺋـﯿﺔ )ـھﻠﻮﺳـﺔ ﺑـﺼﺮﯾـﺔ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex ✤ Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of the parietal lobe: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠـﺪيرا‬ O1. The Main Sensory Area (Area 3,1,2): , yes [ - Site : in the postcentral gyrus (‫ ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻌﺪا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰي‬:‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ - - -0 s - Function : receives pain, touch, temperature and proprioceptive (vibration, muscle - T - - and joint sense) sensations from the opposite half of the body - - (‫ ﯾﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞا ﻷﻟـﻢاو ﻟـﻠﻤﺲردو ﺟـﺔا ﻟﺤـﺮإو ةراﺣـﺴﺎا سﻟـﺘﺤﺴﺲ )اﻻـھﺘﺰاو زاﻟـﻌﻀﻼاو تﻹﺣـﺴﺎس ﺑـﺎﻟـﻤﻔﺎﺻـﻞ( ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻨﺼﻒا ﻵﺧـﺮ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‬ The body in the postcentral gyrus is presented upside down - (‫)ﯾﻈﮭـﺮا ﻟـﺠﺴﻢ ﻓـﻲا ﻟـﺘﻠﻔﯿﻒ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻌﺪا ﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰأر يﺳـﺎ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻋـﻘﺐ‬ =>> = & A # S : The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Cerebrum: ✤ spinal ‫ ﻟﻞ‬skin ‫ﺑﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ ال‬ cord brain ‫ ﺑﺘﻄﻠﻊ‬.. ‫( ﺑﻌﺮف اﻧﮫ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺗﻨﺒﯿﮫ‬area 1/2/3) ‫( ﺗﻌﻄﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﮫ‬area7/5) ‫ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮫ دﺑّﻮس ﺷّﻜﮫ‬ Nervous System Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex of the parietal lobe: (‫)اﻟـﻤﻨﺎـطﻖا ﻟﺤﺴـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ ﻟـﻠﻔﺺا ﻟﺠـﺪيرا‬ 2. Association Sensory Area (Area 5,7): - Site : in the superior part of the parietal lobe - (‫ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟـﻌﻠﻮي ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﻔﺺا ﻟﺠـﺪيرا‬:‫)اﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ - Function : responsible for - knowing the meaning- of the sensation felt - (‫ ﻣـﺴﺆوﻟـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻣـﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﻌﻨﻰا ﻹﺣـﺴﺎس‬:‫)اﻟـﻮـظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼً واﺣﺪ‬.. ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻻﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﺣﺎطﻂ اﯾﺪه وﺷّﻜﯿﺘﮫ ﺑﺪﺑﻮس اﻻﺷﺎرة‬ other center ‫ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﺘﺮوح ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﻓﺒﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﺑﺘﻼﻗﯿﮫ‬.‫ﺷﺎل اﯾﺪه‬  Nervous System (thalamus+hypothalamus) ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬ The Central Nervous System: Thalamus:‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺷﺎرة اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪة او‬ 3.‫اﻟﻨﺎزﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﻻزم ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻘﮫ‬ The Brain/E Diencephalon: Hypothalamus:‫اﻟﺸﺒﻊ‬/‫اﻟﻌﻄﺶ‬/‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ It is the part of brain between the cerebrum and the brainstem. (‫)إﻧـﮫ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﻤﺦو ﺟـﺬا عﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ‬ It has a cavity within it, called the third ventricle (‫)ﯾـﻮﺟـﺪ ﺑـﺪاﺧـﻠﮭﺎ ﺗـﺠﻮﯾـﻒ ﯾـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‬ CSF(cerebrospinal ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﯿّﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫؟؟‬fluid) - Lateral ventricle - Third ventricle I Fourth ventricle  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ M idbrain: It is the narrow part of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. (‫)إﻧـﮫا ﻟﺠـﺰا ءﻟـﻀﯿﻖ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟـﺬي ﯾـﺮﺑـﻂا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻷﻣـﺎﻣـﻲ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟﺨـﻠﻔﻲ‬ It has a narrow cavity called the cerebral aqueduct, (which connects the third and fourth ventricles) ((‫)ﻟـﮭﺎ ﺗـﺠﻮﯾـﻒ ﺿـﯿﻖ ﯾـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﻘﻨﺎا ةﻟـﻤﺨﯿﺔ )اﻟـﺘﻲ ﺗـﺮﺑـﻂا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻨﯿﻦا ﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚاو ﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‬ ‫ & ﺣﺰم ﻣﻦ اﻻﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬It is a passage for descending and ascending tracts. (‫)إﻧـﮫ ﻣـﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺤـﺰا مﻟـﮭﺎﺑـﻄﺔاو ﻟـﺼﺎﻋـﺪة‬ & ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪة واﻟﻨﺎزﻟﺔ ﺑﻤّﺮو‬.‫ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬- > Itcontains: the &nuclei of 3rd (oculomotor), 4th (trochlear), and 5th (trigeminal) cranial nerves. (. ‫ﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊاو ﻟـﺨﺎﻣـﺲ‬، ‫)ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﻨﺸﺄا ﻷﻋـﺼﺎا بﻟـﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔا ﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚا‬ - Brain Stemsljos ① & &  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/ Pons: It is situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the midbrain and superior to the medulla oblongata. (‫ ﺳـﻔﻞا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟـﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻂو ﻓـﻮا قﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻄﯿﻞ‬، ‫)ﯾـﻘﻊ ﻋـﻠﻰا ﻟﺴـﻄﺢا ﻷﻣـﺎﻣـﻲ ﻟـﻠﻤﺨﯿﺦا‬ It is a passage for descending and ascending tracts. (‫)إﻧـﮫ ﻣـﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺤـﺰا مﻟـﮭﺎﺑـﻄﺔاو ﻟـﺼﺎﻋـﺪة‬ - It contains: the nuclei of 6th (abducent), 7th (facial), and 8th b (vestibulo-cochlear) cranial nerves. -- (. ‫سدﻟـﺴﺎﺑـﻊاو ﻟـﺜﺎﻣـﻦ‬، ‫)ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﻨﺸﺄا ﻷﻋـﺼﺎا بﻟـﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔا ﻟـﺴﺎا‬ &  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/Medulla Oblongata: It is conical in shape that connects the pons to spinal cord inferiorly. (.‫)إﻧـﮫ ﻣﺨـﺮـطوﻲا ﻟـﺸﻜﻞ ﯾـﺮﺑـﻂا ﻟـﺒﻮﻧـﺲ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ‬ It is a passage for descending and ascending tracts. (‫)إﻧـﮫ ﻣـﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺤـﺰا مﻟـﮭﺎﺑـﻄﺔاو ﻟـﺼﺎﻋـﺪة‬ - Site of decussation of pyramidal tract fibers (‫)ﻣـﻮﻗـﻊ ﺗـﻘﺎـطﻊأ ﻟـﯿﺎا فﻟﺤـﺰا مﻟﮭـﺮﻣـﯿﺔ‬ It contains: the nuclei of 9th (Glossopharyngeal), 10th (Vagus), and 11th - (Accessory) cranial nerves. (‫ﻟـﻌﺎﺷـﺮاو ﻟـﺤﺎيد ﻋﺸـﺮ‬، ‫)ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﻨﺸﺄا ﻷﻋـﺼﺎا بﻟـﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔا ﻟـﺘﺎﺳـﻊا‬ & It contains vital centers: respiratory and cardiovascular centers. b S - (‫ ﻣـﺮاﻛـﺰا ﻟـﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴـﻲاو ﻟـﻘﻠﺐاو ﻷوﻋـﯿﺔا ﻟـﺪﻣـﻮﯾـﺔ‬:‫)ﯾـﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮاﻛـﺰ ﺣـﯿﻮﯾـﺔ‬ -1 & & is - -S ↑  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: occipital, v -3 -. -. The Brain/The Cerebellum: Bone It lies within the posterior cranial fossa of the skull posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata. (‫)ﺗـﻘﻊاد ﺧـﻞا ﻟـﺤﻔﺮا ةﻟـﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔا ﻟﺨـﻠﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠـﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﺧـﻠﻒا ﻟـﺒﻮﻧـﺲاو ﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻄﯿﻞ‬ > - > It consists of two lateral hemispheres, the cerebellar hemispheres and a median worm-like part called vermis (‫ ﻧـﺼﻔﻲا ﻟـﻜﺮا ةﻟـﻤﺨﯿﺨﯿﺔو ﺟـﺰء ﯾﺸـﺒﮫا ﻟـﺪا ةدوﻟـﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﯾـﺴﻤﻰ ﻓـﯿﺮﻣـﻲ‬،‫)وﺗـﺘﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﺼﻔﯿﻦ ﺟـﺎﻧـﺒﯿﯿﻦ‬ ⑭ The surface layer of each cerebellar hemisphere is called the cortex and is composed of gray matter (‫)ﺗـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﻄﺒﻘﺔا ﻟﺴـﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻟـﻜﻞ ﻧـﺼﻒ ﻛـﺮة ﻣـﺨﯿﺨﯿﺔا ﻟﻘﺸـﺮو ةﺗـﺘﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎر ةدﻣـﺎدﯾـﺔ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/The Cerebellum: Function: G ⑤ 1. responsible of involuntary control of somatic motor activities --- - (‫)اﻟـﻤﺴﺆلو ﻋـﻦا ﻟـﺘﺤﻜﻢا ﻟـﻼيدارإ ﻟـﻸﻧﺸـﻄﺔا ﻟﺤـﺮﻛـﯿﺔا ﻟﺠﺴـﺪﯾـﺔ‬ - got , & 2. essential for maintenance of - equilibrium, muscle tone, and posture. ~ils - I - (‫)ﺿـﺮيرو ﻟـﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋـﻠﻰا ﻟـﺘﻮو نزاﻧـﺒﺮا ةﻟـﻌﻀﻼاو تﻟـﻤﻮﻗـﻒ‬ 10 I - > > The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum surround a cavity, called the fourth ventricle. (‫ ﻟـﺒﻮﻧـﺲاو ﻟـﻤﺨﯿﺦ ﯾـﺤﯿﻄﻮن ﺑـﺘﺠﻮﯾـﻒ ﯾـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‬، ‫)اﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻄﯿﻞا‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: ·s S! 9615 S Ss1 Ola The Brain/Ventricles Of The Brain: They are four cavities filled with CSF located within the brain: - (‫)ـھﻢرأ ﺑـﻌﺔ ﺗـﺠﺎوﯾـﻒ ﻣـﻠﯿﺌﺔ ﺑـﺴﺎﺋـﻞا ﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ ﺗـﻘﻊاد ﺧـﻞا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎغ‬ 1. The Two Lateral Ventricles (It is the cavity present in each cerebral hemisphere) O i - ((‫)اﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻨﺎا نﻟـﺠﺎﻧـﺒﯿﺎن )إﻧـﮫا ﻟـﺘﺠﻮﯾـﻒا ﻟـﻤﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓـﻲ ﻛـﻞ ﻧـﺼﻒا ﻟـﻤﺦ‬ 2. The Third Ventricle (It is the cavity of the diencephalon) ⑧ - ((‫)اﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ )ـھوﻮ ﺗـﺠﻮﯾـﻒا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎا غﻟـﺒﯿﻨﻲ‬ 3. The Fourth Ventricle (It lies between the pons and the medulla anteriorly, and the O cerebellum posteriorly) ((‫)اﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ )ﯾـﻘﻊ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﻮﻧـﺲاو ﻟـﻨﺨﺎا عﻷﻣـﺎﻣـﻲاو ﻟـﻤﺨﯿﺦ ﻓـﻲا ﻟﺨـﻠﻒ‬  :‫ﺳﺆال ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ Nervous System ‫ ؟؟‬CSF‫وﯾﻦ ﺑﺘﺼﻨّﻊ ال‬ in wall of ventricles(choroid plexus) The Central Nervous System: ‫؟؟‬CSF ‫ﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺼﻨّﻊ وﺑﻔﺮز ال‬ Ependymal cells The Brain/Ventricles Of The Brain: ‫؟؟‬CSF ‫وﯾﻦ ﺑﺪور ال‬ In subarachnoid space(‫ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ‬Arachnoid mater The ventricles are lined by- ependymal cells. · (.‫)اﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻨﺎت ﻣـﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺨﻼﯾـﺎا ﻟـﺒﻄﺎﻧـﯿﺔا ﻟـﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬ & and Pia matter) & A collection of modified ependymal cells and capillaries form a structure called the choroid plexus (‫ ﻟـﺸﻌﯿﺮا تاﻟـﺪﻣـﻮﯾـﺔ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ ﺑـﻨﯿﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰا ﻟـﻀﻔﯿﺮا ةﻟﻤﺸـﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬، ‫)ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦا ﻟـﺨﻼﯾـﺎا ﻟـﺒﻄﺎﻧـﯿﺔا ﻟـﻤﻌﺪﻟـﺔاو‬ The function of choroid plexus is to produce Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1 (‫)ـظوﯿﻔﺔا ﻟـﻀﻔﯿﺮا ةﻟﻤﺸـﯿﻤﯿﺔـھ ﻲإ ﻧـﺘﺎا جﻟـﺴﺎﺋـﻞا ﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﻲا ﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ‬  Nervous System The Central Nervous System: The Brain/Ventricles Of The Brain: All ventricles are connected together which allow the CSF to circulate between each other: (‫)ﺗـﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺟـﻤﯿﻊا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻨﺎت ﻣـًﻌﺎ ﻣـﻤﺎ ﯾـﺴﻤﺢ ﻟـﻠـﺴﺎﺋـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺪنارو ﺑـﯿﻦ ﺑـﻌﻀﮭﺎا ﻟـﺒﻌﺾ‬ - The two lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through. -the interventricular foramina ( foramen of Monro) - ((‫)ﯾـﺘﻮاﺻـﻞا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻨﺎا نﻟـﺠﺎﻧـﺒﯿﺎن ﻣـﻊا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼا لﻟـﺜﻘﺒﺔ ﺑـﯿﻦا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻨﯿﻦ )ﺛـﻘﺒﺔ ﻣـﻮﻧـﺮو‬ - the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle by. · the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) ((‫)اﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ ﯾـﺘﻮاﺻـﻞ ﻣـﻊا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ ﺑـﻮاﺳـﻄﺔا ﻟـﻘﻨﺎا ةﻟـﺪﻣـﺎﻏـﯿﺔ )ﻗـﻨﺎة ﺳـﯿﻠﻔﯿﻮس‬ - the fourth ventricle communicates with the the spinal cord through. the central canal of spinal cord (‫)ﯾـﺘﺼﻞا ﻟـﺒﻄﯿﻦا ﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺤﺒﻞا ﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼا لﻟـﻘﻨﺎا ةﻟـﻤﺮﻛـﺰﯾـﺔ ﻟـﻠﺤﺒﻞا ﻟـﺸﻮﻛـﻲ‬