Chapter 11.1 Test Bank PDF

**1. Which of the following is an example of a biological drive?**\ A. The desire to get a promotion at work.\ B. Feeling thirsty after a long workout.\ C. The motivation to attend a social event.\ D. The need to maintain an organized workspace. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Feeling thirs...

**1. Which of the following is an example of a biological drive?**\ A. The desire to get a promotion at work.\ B. Feeling thirsty after a long workout.\ C. The motivation to attend a social event.\ D. The need to maintain an organized workspace. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Feeling thirsty is a biological drive, as it results from the body's physiological processes signaling a need to maintain homeostasis by replenishing water levels. **2. What distinguishes allostasis from homeostasis?**\ A. Allostasis focuses on current needs, while homeostasis anticipates future needs.\ B. Allostasis anticipates future needs, while homeostasis maintains stability for current needs.\ C. Homeostasis is driven by stress, whereas allostasis is not.\ D. Homeostasis adapts to external environments, but allostasis does not. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Allostasis involves predicting and addressing future physiological demands, often influenced by stress, while homeostasis focuses on maintaining balance in response to immediate needs. **3. What role does the lateral hypothalamus play in hunger regulation?**\ A. It acts as the \"off switch,\" signaling when to stop eating.\ B. It is involved in inhibiting the release of appetite-stimulating hormones.\ C. It acts as the \"on switch,\" stimulating eating behavior.\ D. It monitors blood glucose levels to regulate appetite. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The lateral hypothalamus is considered the \"on switch\" for hunger, as its stimulation leads to the initiation of eating behavior. **4. Which of the following hormones is responsible for decreasing hunger after a meal?**\ A. Insulin\ B. Ghrelin\ C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)\ D. Glucagon **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released when the intestines expand after eating, signaling the hypothalamus to decrease appetite. **5. Janice\'s tendency to eat more when stressed during her exams is best explained by:**\ A. The process of homeostasis.\ B. The influence of external incentives.\ C. Allostasis, as her body anticipates increased energy demands due to stress.\ D. A decrease in dopamine release in her brain. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Janice's eating behavior reflects allostasis, where her body responds to stress by predicting future energy needs and motivating her to consume more calories. **6. What is the primary distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?**\ A. Anorexia involves self-starvation, while bulimia involves cycles of bingeing and purging.\ B. Bulimia is always associated with severe underweight, while anorexia is not.\ C. Anorexia is associated with impulsivity, while bulimia is not.\ D. Bulimia has a higher mortality rate compared to anorexia. **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Anorexia nervosa is characterized by self-starvation and intense fear of weight gain, while bulimia involves bingeing and purging cycles. **7. What cognitive phenomenon explains the tendency to eat larger portions simply because they are presented as a single serving?**\ A. Impression management\ B. Unit bias\ C. Social facilitation\ D. Modeling **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Unit bias refers to the assumption that the portion size provided is the appropriate amount to consume, regardless of its actual volume or caloric content. **8. How does dopamine contribute to the reward response associated with eating?**\ A. It signals the hypothalamus to stop eating when energy levels are high.\ B. It is released during both the tasting and digestion of food, enhancing the pleasure of eating.\ C. It decreases when consuming high-fat foods, reducing motivation to eat.\ D. It is responsible for the sensation of fullness after a large meal. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Dopamine is released in response to the taste and digestion of food, contributing to the pleasure and reward associated with eating. **9. Which social influence on eating behavior is demonstrated when someone eats less to appear polite in a social setting?**\ A. Social facilitation\ B. Modeling\ C. Impression management\ D. Allostasis **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Impression management involves controlling eating behavior to conform to social norms, such as eating less to seem polite or considerate. **10. Why are modern diets high in processed foods potentially problematic, according to evolutionary psychology?**\ A. They are designed to meet unit bias standards.\ B. They often act as supernormal stimuli, providing unnaturally high levels of sugar and fat.\ C. They do not trigger dopamine release, leading to lower satisfaction.\ D. They encourage mindful eating, which decreases caloric intake. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Modern processed foods act as supernormal stimuli, containing higher concentrations of sugar and fat than natural foods, which can overstimulate the reward pathways in the brain. **11. What is the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus in eating behavior?**\ A. Stimulates hunger by activating the lateral hypothalamus.\ B. Signals the body to start eating when glucose levels drop.\ C. Functions as the \"off switch,\" inhibiting eating behavior.\ D. Monitors gut hormones like ghrelin to initiate hunger. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The ventromedial hypothalamus serves as the \"off switch\" for hunger by inhibiting the activity of the lateral hypothalamus. **12. What is one reason why anorexia nervosa has such a high mortality rate?**\ A. It is often accompanied by impulsive behaviors that lead to risky actions.\ B. It involves severe physical health consequences due to chronic starvation.\ C. It frequently involves dangerous levels of bingeing and purging.\ D. It is often unresponsive to psychological treatment methods. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Anorexia nervosa leads to severe malnutrition and health complications that significantly increase the risk of mortality. **13. Which of the following best describes allostasis?**\ A. The body's ability to maintain a stable internal state in response to immediate needs.\ B. The physiological mechanism for triggering hunger and thirst.\ C. The emotional response to consuming high-energy foods.\ D. Motivation driven by anticipating future energy demands. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Allostasis refers to the body\'s adaptive processes that anticipate future physiological demands, especially under stress, driving behaviors to meet these predicted needs. **14. Why might someone unconsciously eat more when sitting at a dinner table for a long period?**\ A. They are influenced by impression management norms.\ B. They are responding to unit bias and larger portion sizes.\ C. They are modeling the behavior of others at the table.\ D. Social facilitation increases the likelihood of prolonged eating. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Social facilitation describes the tendency for people to eat more in social settings where extended time at the table encourages continued consumption. **15. What would likely happen if the lateral hypothalamus in a lab rat was damaged?**\ A. The rat would overeat and become obese.\ B. The rat would experience intense cravings for high-fat foods.\ C. The rat would lose its ability to feel satiated.\ D. The rat would lose its appetite and stop eating. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** The lateral hypothalamus serves as the \"on switch\" for hunger, and its damage leads to a lack of appetite and decreased food intake. **16. What psychological factor might explain why a person consumes more when eating mindlessly while watching TV?**\ A. Impression management reduces focus on social norms.\ B. Stress-related allostasis increases hunger.\ C. Unit bias influences portion size assumptions.\ D. Reduced mindfulness diminishes awareness of satiety cues. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Reduced mindfulness while eating, such as when watching TV, makes individuals less aware of their satiety cues, leading to overconsumption. **17. What makes sugar and certain drugs similar in their effects on the brain?**\ A. Both inhibit activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, decreasing reward sensations.\ B. Both act as supernormal stimuli, excessively activating reward pathways.\ C. Both reduce hunger by signaling the hypothalamus.\ D. Both stimulate the production of insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Sugar and certain drugs are considered supernormal stimuli because they provide unnaturally high levels of stimulation to the brain's reward centers, leading to heightened cravings. **18. What does the reproduction suppression hypothesis suggest about eating disorders?**\ A. Anorexia may develop as a way to enhance reproductive health.\ B. Females with low social support may reduce food intake to delay reproduction.\ C. Eating disorders are a response to high levels of familial support and expectations.\ D. Peer pressure is the primary cause of restrictive dieting behaviors. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The reproduction suppression hypothesis posits that females with perceived low social support may reduce food intake to suppress ovulation, delaying reproduction. **19. Which factor most strongly distinguishes bulimia nervosa from anorexia nervosa?**\ A. Bulimia is marked by long-term calorie restriction, whereas anorexia involves binge-purge cycles.\ B. Anorexia typically begins earlier than bulimia.\ C. Bulimia involves impulsivity, while anorexia does not.\ D. Anorexia leads to distorted body image, whereas bulimia does not. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Bulimia nervosa is associated with impulsive behaviors, including bingeing and purging, whereas anorexia is more characterized by control and rigidity. **20. What is the role of the paraventricular nucleus in regulating hunger?**\ A. It increases hunger by activating the lateral hypothalamus.\ B. It stimulates the release of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels.\ C. It signals the ventromedial hypothalamus to inhibit hunger.\ D. It decreases hunger by inhibiting the lateral hypothalamus. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** The paraventricular nucleus helps regulate hunger by inhibiting the lateral hypothalamus, thereby reducing appetite. **21. Why might individuals in a social setting eat less than they normally would?**\ A. Social facilitation leads to eating smaller portions to maintain politeness.\ B. Unit bias encourages individuals to select smaller portion sizes.\ C. Impression management leads to minimal eating norms.\ D. Stress reduces appetite during social interactions. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Impression management includes behaviors like minimal eating norms, where individuals eat less in social settings to project politeness or self-control. **22. How does ghrelin influence hunger?**\ A. It suppresses hunger by signaling satiety to the hypothalamus.\ B. It increases hunger by stimulating the lateral hypothalamus.\ C. It promotes food digestion by increasing insulin secretion.\ D. It reduces food cravings by enhancing dopamine activity. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Ghrelin, known as the \"hunger hormone,\" stimulates the lateral hypothalamus, increasing hunger and motivating food intake. **23. Which brain area is most associated with emotional processing related to food rewards?**\ A. The ventromedial hypothalamus\ B. The cingulate cortex\ C. The paraventricular nucleus\ D. The orbitofrontal cortex **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The cingulate cortex is involved in processing the emotional aspects of food rewards, such as pleasure derived from eating high-fat foods. **24. Which statement best explains the prevalence of eating disorders in Western cultures?**\ A. They are caused by genetic predispositions unique to Western populations.\ B. Media depictions of beauty create unrealistic body ideals that influence vulnerable individuals.\ C. Western diets are inherently less nutritious, leading to distorted eating behaviors.\ D. Cultural norms emphasize moderation, leading to restrictive eating. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Media depictions of beauty in Western cultures promote unattainable body ideals, which can negatively influence individuals\' self-perceptions and contribute to eating disorders. **25. Which brain region shows increased activity when individuals with eating disorders are shown negative body-related words?**\ A. Orbitofrontal cortex\ B. Insula\ C. Amygdala\ D. Basal ganglia **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The amygdala, associated with fear and emotional arousal, shows increased activity in individuals with eating disorders when exposed to negative body-related words. **26. How do males with \"reverse anorexia\" differ from females with anorexia nervosa?**\ A. Males with reverse anorexia have a positive view of their bodies but are equally obsessive about appearance.\ B. Males are more likely to engage in binging and purging than females.\ C. Females are less likely to be influenced by media depictions of ideal bodies.\ D. Males focus on weight loss rather than muscle gain. **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Males with reverse anorexia maintain a positive body image but share obsessive traits about their appearance, particularly with achieving muscularity. **27. What is one advantage and one limitation of using AI in treating eating disorders?**\ A. AI can improve symptom screening but risks providing harmful advice.\ B. AI reduces costs but lacks effectiveness in prediction.\ C. AI enhances accuracy in treatment plans but delays diagnosis.\ D. AI reduces bias in treatment but cannot screen for eating disorders. **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** AI has shown promise in accurately predicting symptoms and relapse risks but has also demonstrated limitations, such as providing harmful advice, as seen with Tessa.