Chapter 1 Science Introduction.pdf

 CHAPTER 1: SCIENCE INTRODUCTION Lesson objectives: At the end of the chapter, you are the able to: Describe the nature of science; and Identify the different branches of science. THE MEANING OF SCIENCE Science - Its root is the word "scientia," which means "know...

 CHAPTER 1: SCIENCE INTRODUCTION Lesson objectives: At the end of the chapter, you are the able to: Describe the nature of science; and Identify the different branches of science. THE MEANING OF SCIENCE Science - Its root is the word "scientia," which means "knowledge" in Latin. It is also referred to as a collection of organized knowledge and facts that have been supported by sensory evidence and personal experience. Studying the history of science helps us in various ways: To understand the present; To guide our course for the future; To have a perspective on what we know and how we know it; and To be aware of the limitations of our knowledge. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE Science as a WAY OF THINKING Characteristics - Contemporary science is an approach to comprehending the physical universe that is based on observable data, logic, and repeated experimentation. - This necessitates having scientific attitudes and ideals. Characteristics - Use of empirical evidence (senses) - Critical analysis of data (suspension of judgment) - Logical reasoning or thinking. a. Inductive thinking - Specific to general, uses observation to arrive at a general conclusion. b. Deductive thinking - It starts from general principle and predicts specific results. Scientific Attitudes include: Curiosity Objectivity Open-mindedness Perseverance  Humility Ability to accept failure Skepticism Intellectual Honesty Science as a PROCESS - Discovers fundamental process abilities as well as integrated process skills that are shown through scientific research or investigation. Basic Science Process Skills a. Observing b. Inferring c. Measuring d. Classifying e. Communicating f. Using number relationships Integrated Science Process Skills a. Identifying and controlling variables b. Defining operationally c. Formulating hypothesis d. Interpreting data e. Experimenting f. Formulating model Science as a PRODUCT a. Observe – make an observation b. Question – ask a question or identify a problem c. Research – search for existing answers or solutions d. Hypothesize – formulate hypothesis e. Experiment – design and perform an experiment f. Test hypothesis – accept or reject hypothesis g. Draw conclusions – make conclusions based on hypothesis h. Report – share your results Sample scenario: - The student set up an experiment to know which type of soil is best for growing plants. The students prepare the sunflower plants with the (same species) with varying soil types. The experimenters use sandy loam and clay for its respective plant. All of these plants were placed outdoors to receive the same kind of fertilizer moisture and water. The students recorded the height of each plant each day. Problem: Which type of soil is best for growing plants? Hypothesis: The loam type of soil is best for growing plants. This includes facts concepts and principles governed by scientific method. Scientific method it is a reasonable and coherent series of actions that addresses worldly inquiries. Steps in scientific method include the following: a. Phenomenon - it is an event when we can make our observations. - Making observation is the first step in all research. It involves the use of senses (empirical) Qualitative data are those that are collected by employing our senses. Quantitative data are those that have been obtained with the aid of tools like a ruler, thermometer, graduated, cylinder etc. - Inference is the expression of an idea derived from an observation. It is the starting point for creating a model. - Model is employed to graphically elucidate a concept that is difficult to perceive or comprehend. b. Formulation of Hypothesis - the term hypothesis refers to a potential response to the inquiry or an educated assumption. It is frequently presented in a cause effect format. c. Experimentation - experiment is a controlled procedure that confirms (Alternative) or rejects (Null) the hypothesis. Experiment has parts: a. Experimental set up - receive the treatment with one variable (the factor that will affect the outcome of the experiment) b. Control Set Up – employs the same settings and tools as experimental setup, but control setup does not test any variables like the experimental setup does. c. Variables - any feature characteristic or circumstance that can exist in various amounts of types is considered a variable. Types of Variables: Independent Variable - it is the variable being manipulated “cause”. It is the x-axis (abscissa) in a Cartesian plane. (From the sample scenario at the left side, the independent variable is the type of soil) Dependent Variable - it is where we can see the “effect” from the independent variable. It is the y-axis or the ordinate in a Cartesian plane. (From the sample scenario the left side the dependent variable is the height of the plants.) Constant - it is the variables that do not change. (From the sample scenario to left side the constant variables are the plants, sunlight, fertilizer, moisture, and water). d. Analyze Result – It checks if consistent with hypotheses. e. Drawing Conclusion – A conclusion is based on the interpretation of data gathered.  - A theory is an explanation based on many repeated observations during experiments. - A law is a general statement that describes patterns in nature. f. Communicate Results Science as a Community/Social Endeavor - It is multidisciplinary/diverse, collaborative, adaptable socially relevant, and communicated or shared, all of which ensure accuracy and understanding. Concept Map of the Branches of Science Branches of Science Natural Science – Physical Science, Biological Science Formal Science – Mathematics, Statistics, Logic, Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Applied Science – Technology Social Science – History, Sociology, Political Science, Philosophy, Anthropology 1. Natural Science - it is the study that deals with environment or nature and entire universe. a. Physical Science - it is a branch of natural science that deals with nonliving things. Chemistry – it studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Physics - it is the study of matter its mobility through space and time and related ideas like energy and force are all included in natural and physical science. Astronomy – It is the study of heavenly or celestial bodies. Geology – It is the study of planet Earth. Meteorology - it is the branch of science that studies that most fear in the phenomena that results from it such as weather and climate. b. Biological Science - it is the study of living things. 2. Formal Science - it is a branch of science that studies fields dealing with formal systems that describes abstract structures. a. Mathematics – it is the study of numbers. b. Logic – it is the study of inferences and inferential relationship is its focus. c. Computer Science – it is the study of computers and computational systems. d. Artificial Intelligence - this area of study combines computer science with substantial data sets to make problem-solving possible.  3. Applied Science - it is the use of scientific knowledge and method obtained via conclusion from the method to attain practical goals. a. Technology - is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical goals of human life. 4. Social Science - it is the study that deals with human relations. a. History – It is the study of the past and records. b. Sociology – It is the study of society. c. Political Science – It deals with government and politics. d. Philosophy – it deals with logic and reasoning. e. Anthropology - it is the investigation of how human communities and cultures have evolved. f. Economics - it is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production consumption and transfer of wealth and natural resources. Let’s Check your understanding. Summative or Oral Recitation will be administered by the instructor. Task To Do! Direction: Apply the knowledge gained from the scientific method. Look for a biological research study and create a coherent and comprehensive critique paper. Follow these steps in making your critique paper: Process in making your critique paper. This type of paper is an essential skill in academia as it demonstrates your ability to analyze, evaluate, and provide constructive feedback on scholarly works. Here are the steps to follow: 1. Read and Understand the Work. Begin by thoroughly reading and understanding the work you are critiquing. This might be a research article, a book, a piece of artwork, or any other scholarly work. Take notes on key points, arguments, evidence, and any other relevant information. 2. Identify the Author’s Thesis or Main Argument. Determine the main argument or thesis of the work. This is the central point that the author is trying to convey to the audience. 3. Evaluate the Evidence and Supporting Arguments. Assess the evidence and supporting arguments provided by the author. Consider the validity, relevance, and sufficiency of the evidence in supporting the main argument. 4. Analyze the Author’s Methodology. If applicable, analyze the methodology used by the author to conduct research or gather information. Assess the appropriateness and effectiveness of the methodology in addressing the research question or objective. 5. Consider the Author’s Perspective and Bias. Reflect on the author’s perspective and any potential biases that may influence their argument or conclusions. Consider factors such as the author’s background, affiliations, and personal beliefs. 6. Evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the work. This could include aspects such as the clarity of the argument, the coherence of the structure, the rigor of the evidence, and the originality of the ideas. 7. Provide Constructive Feedback. Offer constructive feedback to the author. This could involve suggesting areas for improvement, pointing out logical inconsistencies, or proposing alternative perspectives. 8. Organize Your Critique Paper. Structure your critique paper in a clear and logical manner. Typically, a critique paper will include an introduction, a summary of the work being critiqued, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses, and a conclusion. 9. Write the Introduction. Begin your critique paper with an introduction that provides context for the work being critiqued and previews the main points of your critique. 10. Summarize the Work. In the body of your critique paper, provide a brief summary of the work you are critiquing. This should include key points, arguments, and evidence presented by the author. 11. Analyze the Strengths and Weaknesses. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the work, drawing on the observations and analysis you conducted earlier. 12. Offer Suggestions for Improvement. Based on your analysis, offer specific suggestions for how the author could improve their work or address any weaknesses you identified. 13. Write the Conclusion. Conclude your critique paper by summarizing your main points and reiterating your overall assessment of the work. 14. Proofread and Revise. Finally, carefully proofread and revise your critique paper to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Crucial parts of a critique paper include: 1. Introduction. Sets the stage for the critique by providing context and previewing main points. 2. Summary of the Work. Provide a brief overview of the work being critiqued. 3. Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses. Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the work based on criteria such as argumentation, evidence, methodology, and perspective. 4. Suggestions for Improvement. Offers constructive feedback and suggestions for how the author could enhance their work. 5. Conclusion. Summarizes main points and reiterates overall assessment of the work. Critique in Biological Research Study Rubric Criteria 10 - Excellent 8 - Proficient 6 - Basic 4 - Developing Demonstrates a deep Shows a solid Understands understanding grasp of the the scientific Attempts to apply Knowledge of the scientific scientific method and the scientific method of Scientific method and method and partially in the critique paper, Method applies it applies it well in applies it in but with some effectively in the critique the critique inaccuracies the critique paper paper paper Paper is Paper is exceptionally Paper is clear, Paper lacks clarity, somewhat Clarity and clear, well- well-organized, organization, and clear, Coherence organized, and and logically coherence in some organized, and logically coherent areas coherent coherent Provides a thorough and Offers a Provides a insightful comprehensive basic analysis Attempts to analyze Depth of analysis of the analysis of the of the research the research study, Analysis research study, research study, study, covering but lacks depth and considering considering fundamental breadth multiple various aspects aspects perspectives Shows strong Shows emerging Demonstrates critical thinking Demonstrates Critical critical thinking exceptional skills in basic critical Thinking skills in evaluating critical thinking evaluating the thinking skills the research study skills in research study in evaluating  Criteria 10 - Excellent 8 - Proficient 6 - Basic 4 - Developing evaluating the the research research study study Presents a Presents a Presents a compelling persuasive coherent Presents an Argument argument argument with argument with argument with weak and supported by sufficient some evidence evidence and Justification strong evidence evidence and and justification and justification justification justification References Dickison, W. 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