Chapter 1 - Origin of the Universe SIR YU EARTH AND LIFE PDF

Are you WELFREDO JR. L. YU,LPT,MAETS,EdD(c) ready to EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE Teacher learn? Email:[email protected] Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of: 1.the formation of the universe and the solar system 2. t...

Are you WELFREDO JR. L. YU,LPT,MAETS,EdD(c) ready to EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE Teacher learn? Email:[email protected] Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of: 1.the formation of the universe and the solar system 2. the subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere) that make up the Earth 3. the Earth’s internal structure Performance Standard The learners: 1. Conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic hazards that your community may experience. 2. Conduct a survey or design a study to assess the possible hydrometeorological hazards that your community may experience. Learning Competencies The learners: 1. State the different hypothesis explaning the origin of the universe 2. Describe the different hypothesis explaining the origin of the solar system 3. Recoginze the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support life 4. Explain that the Earh consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow Learning Competencies The learners: 5. Explain the current advancements/information on the solar system 6. Show the contributions of personalities/people on the understanding of the earth system 7. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core) 8. Differentiate the layers of the Earth Learning Competencies The learners: 1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe. 2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system. 3. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support life. 4. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow. 5. Explain the current advancements/information on the solar system 6. Show the contributions of personalities/people on the understanding of the earth systems 7. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core). 8. Differentiate the layers of the Earth. The study of materials and processes that operate beneath and upon Earth's surface. Geology KNIP The study of our Earth. Earth Science KNIP  The study of the universe, planet's origin and members of solar system. Astronomy KNIP  Study of composition and movements of seawater, coastal processes, seafloor, topography and marine life. Oceanography KNIP Study of atmosphere and elements that produce weather. Meteorology KNIP The Origin and Systems of Earth KNIP Objectives of the lesson The learners should be able to: 1. state the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe. 2. describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe. primordial - existing from the beginning of time: very ancient cosmology - is the study of the universe, including its properties, structure and evolution. celestial - positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as observed in astronomy 10-15 billion years ago - the universe began when the primordial explosion called Big Bang occured. hypotheses - a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. theory - is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Formation of the Universe It is difficult to completely understand the formation of the early universe because no human has ever witnessed it. The science of cosmology provides various hypotheses that explain the origins of the universe based on its present properties and characteristics. There are numerous theories about formation of the universe. Theories on the Origin of the Universe Theories of the Origin of the Universe_low.mp4 KNIP KNIP  BIG BANG THEORY remains to be the prevailing cosmological model for the early development of the universe provides the best explanation of the origin of the universe and is implicity accepted according to this theory, the universe was once very small and very hot, and then it expanded over time until it reached peak (which may be perceived as a massive explosion for some) around 13.7 billion years ago (considered the age of the universe) KNIP  BIG BANG THEORY it also asserts that seconds after the explosion, the sorroundings were at a high temperature of about 10 billion degrees fahrenheit (5.5 billion Celcius) with aggregates of fundamental particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons. as the universe cooled in later phases, these particles either combined with each other or decayed. The universe was also said to continue to expand over next 13 billion years until the present. Stephen Hawking - The Big Bang_low.mp4 KNIP KNIP  STEADY STATE THEORY universe is always expanding in a constant average density matter continuosly created to form cosmic or celestial bodies such as stars and galaxies older bodies that were formed are no longer easily observable as a consequence of their huge distance and rate of recession claims that the universe has no beginning or end in time, and even though it is expanding, its appearance remains the same over time KNIP  STEADY STATE THEORY first proposed by Sir James Jeans in 1920 and revised by Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold in 1948 as alternative to big bang theory however towards the 1960s, much evidence was produced that would contradict the steadiness or the unchanging state of universe galactic bodies such as quasars and radio galaxies were found only at far distances in space thus it disproved the idea that similar bodies are created and founded everywhere this implies that the universe is actually evolving (and not steady) KNIP  CREATIONIST THEORY states that God, the Supreme Being created the whole universe out of nothing. proof can be read in the Holy Bible stipulating that God created the heaven and the Earth including man. KNIP  OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY proposed by a Russian-born US cosmologist GEORGE GAMOW he said that the expansion of the universe will eventually come to a halt then it collapses up to the time that the universe will return to its original form and form another Big Bang will occur. This process will happen as a cycle. KNIP REFERENCES: www.google.com www.youtube.com Salandanan, Gloria G.,Faltado III, Ruben E., and Lopez, Merle B., Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School, 2016,Lorimar Publishing, Inc.,pp.4-8 THANK YOU :) KNIP  Chapter 2 Formation of the Solar System Objectives of the lesson The learners should be able to: 1. state the different hypotheses explaining the origin the solar system. 2. identify the members of the solar system planet - any of the large bodies that revolve around the sun in the solar system. revolution - the time taken by a celestial body to make a complete round in its orbit. rotation - spinning of an object on its own axis orbit - the curve path of celestial object or space around a star, planet or moon. axis - an imaginary line around which the object spins. satellite - an object (such as moon) that moves around a much larger planet.  Introduction to Solar System The Solar System is made up of all the planets that orbit our Sun. In addition to planets, the Solar System also consists of moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dusts and gas. The Solar System evolved from a giant cloud of dust and gas which collapsed under the weight of its own gravity. As it did so, the matter contained within this could begin moving in a giant circle, at the center of which, a small star began to form. the star grew larger and larger as it collected more and more of dust and gas that collapsed into it and ignited to become Sun. the smaller clumps became the planets, minor planets, moons, comets and asteroids.  NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS developed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace in the 18th century a model used to explain the formation and evolution of the solar system 4.6 billion rotating gas cloud or gas nebula begun smaller & rotated faster years ago nebula of extremely hot gas cooled to shrink forming disklike shape remaining part of the nebula continued rings of gas nebula begun rings nebula w/ch had the to shrink outside was formed to shrink condensed most mass, formed the sun KNIP KNIP  The Planets of the Solar System The planets in the solar system are divided into terrestial and jovian planets. They are different in their position, composition and other features. 1. Terrestial - came from the Latin word Terra means Earth. (earth-like) 2. Jovian  Terrestial vs. Jovian TERRESTIAL JOVIAN surface solid surface gaseous surface distance from the sun closer farther size smaller than jovian larger than terrestial atmosphere carbon dioxide and hydrogen and helium nitrogen gases moons less moons have more moons rings no rings tends to have rings spin spin less spin more planets Mercury, Venus, Earth Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Mars and Neptune  Planets of the Solar System Inner Planets of the Solar System 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars Outer Planets of the Solar System 5. Jupiter 6. Saturn 7. Uranus 8. Neptune MERCURY smallest and closest planet to the Sun named after the Roman deity Mercury (the messenger to the gods) 1 revolution = 88 days rotates only three times for each two revolutions around the sun holds very little atmosphere day temperature - 315 degree celcius night temperature - -149 degree celcius no natural satellites VENUS brightest planet, first star-like object to appear after the Sun goes down “evening star” Mar-Apr or the “morning star” Sept-Oct named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty 1 revolution = 243 days resembles the Earth (size, density, distance from the sun) rotates in a direction opposite the direction of the Earth's rotation. no natural satellites surface temp - 480 degree celcius shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid EARTH otherwise known as the World or the Globe only object in the universe known to harbor life blue planet, with more water surface than land 1 revolution = 365 days moon - only natural satellite MARS fourth planet from the sun and the second smallest planet in the solar system Red Planet (iron oxide) has two moons (Phobos & Deimos) 1 revolution = 687 days JUPITER largest planet in our solar system giant planet densest and largest planet in the Solar System moon - 16 moons orbit Jupiter (Lo and Europa) dicovered by Galileo 69 natural satellites fastest spinning planet SATURN second largest in the solar system gas giant (hydrogen and helium) named after the Roman god of agriculture 4 major rings and hundred of ringlets revolves once each 16 days moon - 23 moons (Titan, Lapethus - very bright and the other side dark) surface temp - -170 degree celcius URANUS discovered by William Herschel in 1781 derived from Ouranos Greek god of sky its atmosphere has hydrogen and methane temp - -177 degree celcius cold planet moon - at least 17 moons NEPTUNE like twins with Uranus its atmosphere has hydrogen and helium moon - at least 8 moons (Triton and a smaller moon Nereid) Urbans Leverrier and S.C. Adams predicted the position of Neptune fourth largest planet PLUTO dwarf planet dicovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 not anymore included in the solar system as a planet 1 revolution - 248 days moon - 5 moons (Charon is the largest)  Advancements and Discoveries on the Solar System pluto was reclassified by International Astronimical Union (IAU) as a dwarf planet instead of being ninth planet of the solar system Mars may hd pre historic living forms. One evidence found on a dry lakebed are sedimentary rocks shaped by microbes that are found on Earth. Another evidence is the presence of of elements such as carbon, hydrogen oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus and organic compounds. the expansion of the universe is accelerating Other Members of the Solar System Objectives of the lesson The learners should be able to: 1. identify the other members of the solar system 2. Differentiate meteriod from meteors and meteorite 3. identify the inner structure of the sun 4. describe the phases of the moon 5. explain the difference of lunar eclipse from solar eclipse 6. explain how stars are fromed and changed Other Members of the Solar System Asteroids Meteoroids Comets ASTEROIDS are minor planets, ASTEROID rocky body in space, and orbit around the Sun. Ceres - largest, has a diameter of 750 kilometers Hermes - closest asteroid to the planet Earth Vesta - is the only asteroid which can be seen by the naked eyes. METEOROIDS smaller rocks or particles in orbit around the Sun. is a streaking light which lasts for a few seconds significantly smaller than asteroids range size from small grains to 1 meter-wide objects meteor - traveling through the Earth's atmosphere “shooting star” “falling star” meteorite - when it reaches the ground COMET derived from the Greek word meaning “long- haired” in icy small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing. composed of a nucleus which looks like a dirty snowball called coma most spectacular bodies in the solar system revolves around the sun in either – Kuiper belt - is a disk-shaped region that is beyond Saturn's orbit – Oort cloud - is a mass of trillions of comets and dust that circle the sun.  COMET Halley's comet - appears every 76 years Other examples of comet – Halebopp – Schwassmann – Wachmann – Kopff – Oterma – Linear – Shoemaker Levy 9 - hit the planet Jupiter THE SUN is a star at the center of the Solar Sytem glowing ball of gas-like material called plasma. 864,000 miles in diameter and 93 million miles away diameter 109 times that of Earth, mass 330,000 times that of Earth principal source of heat, source of energy for life on Earth radiant energy - this is the energy of the thermonuclear fusion that takes place in the interior of the sun, where hydrogen nuclei are being crushed together to form helium. life span of 11 billion years  THE SUN comprises the 98.86% of the total mass of the Solar System the sun's mass consists of hydrogen 73% and helium 25% smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon an iron. THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE SUN'S INTERIOR CORE - at the center, the hottest region, where the nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun occur. RADIATIVE (RADIATION) ZONE - the section immediately sorrounding the core CONVECTION ZONE - the outermost ring of the sun  Parts of the Sun CORE - is the center of the sun. It is extremely hot. PHOTOSPHERE - the surface of the sun that emits light. The only part we can see. Made up of Hydrogen and Helium gas. Temperature is 5,510 degree celcius. Sunspots - contain magnetic field. It appears dark because they are much cooler than their bright sorroundings. CHROMOSPHERE - outer and colored layer of the sun's atmosphere. It is a rose pink layer.  Features of the Chromospheres 1. Solar Prominences - are billowing arches of glowing gases. 2. CORONA - the extremely hot outermost layer of sun's atmosphere. It is so faint that the only time you can see it is when there is solar eclipse. Solar Winds - gases that blow off from the corona 3. Solar Flares - sudden gigantic eruptions of high energy hydrogen gas from the surface of the sun.  MOON an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth Earth's only permanent natural satellite one of the largest in the Solar System diameter of 346,000 km with synchronous rotation with Earth thus always showing the same face Phases of the Moon..\..\Lunar Cycle, Why The Moon Change Shapes, 8 Phases Of The Moon, Learning Videos F_low.mp4 Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed "syzygy"). Solar eclipses occur at new moon, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, lunar eclipses occur at full moon, when Earth is between the Sun and Moon...\..\What's the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse__low.mp4 Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon on 21 July 1969.  The Stars A star is a hot ball of glowing gases. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names Polaris - tells where the Earth's North location is Sun - rises in the east and sets in the west a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core, releasing energy that traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space.  Terminologies Nebula - low-density cloud of dust Thermonuclear Reaction - hydrogen atom fuse together to form Helium starlight - energy from fusion produces light that reaches the surface Red Giant Star or Supergiant Star - red star, hundred times bigger than a star Supernova - explosion of the star Black Hole - an invisible area in outer space with gravity so strong that light cannot get out of it.  How are Stars Formed and Changed?..\..\Stars - introduction to Star Birth, life and Death_low.mp4  Stars Differ in Sizes Five main groups according to their size. 1. Supergiants - largest (ex. Antares) diameter 330 times greater than sun 2. Giants - diamters of 10 - 100 times larger than the sun (ex. Aldebaran) 3. Medium-sized Stars - big as sun (Altair, Sirius, Rigel) 4. White Dwarfs - small stars. Smallest dwarf is Van Maanin's Star 5. Neutron Star - tiniest star. Mass less than of the sun but is so compact. Diameter is about 20 km  Stars Differ in Color and Temperature Star Color Temperature Examples Blue Star 25,000 K -60,000 K Vega - the most massive and hottest Bluish-white star 11,000K - 25,000 K Epsilon Orionis and Rigel White Star 7,500 K - 11,000 K Sirius Yellow-white star 6,000 K - 7,500 K Delta Aquilae Yellow 5,000 K - 6,000 K Sun Orange star 3,500 K - 5,000 K Arcturus Red star 3,500 K Orionis - the coolest star