AP Bio Chapter 1 Group Notes - A View of Life - (GSN) PDF

**(GSN) AP Bio Chapter 1 Group Notes: A View of Life and an Overview of AP Bio You will complete these notes using my presentations in EdPuzzle for an assignment - you can also watch the presentations directly from my YouTube account. #wegotthis Team Members Roles: Alpha note taker: Olivia Compton...

**(GSN) AP Bio Chapter 1 Group Notes: A View of Life and an Overview of AP Bio You will complete these notes using my presentations in EdPuzzle for an assignment - you can also watch the presentations directly from my YouTube account. #wegotthis Team Members Roles: Alpha note taker: Olivia Compton. Beta note taker: Ilayda Yildiz. Flavor-flav: Simran Kaur Flip-A-Pic: Isabella McDonald LINK to GOOGLE SLIDES PRESENTATION 1.1 Introduction to AP Biology Biology: the scientific study of life IMAGES: Characteristics of Life: - Materials includes nutrients 1. Living things are organized - made of cells. - This part is always important to remember! 2. They acquire materials and energy. 3. They maintain homeostasis. 4. They respond to stimuli. 5. They reproduce. 6. They grow and develop 7. They adapt, 8. and die! Summary of the four Big Ideas in Biology: BI-1 Evolution: drives diversity and unity of life BI-2 Energy and Molecular Building Blocks: examines energy and molecules to explore how living things grow, thrive, and reproduce BI-3 Information Storage, Transmission, and Response: focuses on how living systems use essential information, from DNA sequences to nerve transmissions to hormone signaling BI-4 Interdependent Relationships: surveys how systems operate and interact, between every level from cells to ecosystems, and examines the intricate components of these entities 1.2 Big Idea 1: Evolution Intro: 1. What do all organisms share? the same basic characteristics: organized in a similar manner, genes composed of DNA, same metabolic reactions to acquire energy and maintain their organization. 2. The unity of life suggests that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor - the first cell or cells - LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor). There may be more than one LUCA. Evolution: common descent with modification. - Evolution is change over time Natural Selection: the environment is selecting which - Adaptations are suited for their environments.  AP Biology - Chapter 1 - A View of Life 2 traits are going to be passed on - because organisms with these traits are the ones that survive to reproduce. Selection agents: temperature, pH, salinity, predators, illness, altitude, competition Adaptations: modifications that make organisms better able to function in a particular environment. Ex. sharp teeth, fast, fat to keep warm, sunken stomata, etc. 1.3 Big Idea 2: Energy and Molecular Building Blocks Intro: organisms need a source of energy to survive - Sun is the source of all energy 1. Energy: The capacity to do work. - Energy flows and nutrients cycle (finite amount 2. Metabolism: All of the chemical reactions that of nutrients) occur in a cell. - Energy needed to maintain homeostasis 3. Chemical Cycling vs. Energy Flow: chemicals - Law of Thermodynamics for Energy flow move through living organisms and are broken - 1st: Energy can’t be created or destroyed, back down to inorganic molecules whereas only transformed from one form to the other energy, starting from the Sun, flows through - 2nd: Whenever energy is transformed, some organisms and eventually dissipates as heat. of it is lost as heat. Homeostasis: biological balance, and maintaining a constant internal environment despite fluctuations. 1.4 Big Idea 3: Information Storage, Transmission, and Response Information runs the world including biology/life Information examples: DNA, hormones, neurotransmitters Reproduce: make more organisms- passing information - Information can be passed asexually or sexually to another generation E.g. humans transfer sexually, can cut plants and Development: becoming an adult - using the information replant them to make clones (asexual) Genes: genetic instructions, DNA - Mutations can be harmful sometimes, but not Mutations: inheritable changes in the genetic information, always (e.g. blue eyes is a mutation that is not source of variation harmful) Eukaryotic cells can do mitosis which is a form of  AP Biology - Chapter 1 - A View of Life 3 asexual reproduction to make cells again after an injury. Prokaryotic cells can do binary fission. -Gene: Basic unit of genetic information. Genes determine the inherited characters -Genome: The collection of genetic information -Chromosomes: Storage Units of Genes -DNA:Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life DNA - Gene - Chromosomes - Genome Behavior: coordinated response to environmental stimuli Behavior can be response within cell, tissue, (responding to stimuli). organism, a population of organisms that are Response examples: plant follows sun, mating and responding to a stimuli defense behaviors, communication  AP Biology - Chapter 1 - A View of Life 4 1.5 Big Idea 4: Interdependent Relationships Organization of life: Atoms, molecules, (organelles) -Not all cells have organelles cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Emergent Properties: each level of organization acquires new properties. Ex. The circulatory system can do more than a heart Cooperation and Competition: from chemical reactions Emergent property can do more as a population in a cell to community structure in a forest. Another or community (ant example) - cooperation example, the circulatory system helps facilitate the Evolution is the unifying theory respiratory system and vice versa. 1.6 The AP Science Practices and the Process of Science Science Practices: 1. Make a scientific claim 1. Communicating with models: descriptions, 2. Support a claim with evidence from biological representations of natural phenomena which leads principles, concepts, processes and or data to a better understanding. Diagrams and 3. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by flowcharts. connecting evidence to biological theories 2. Using mathematics appropriately: to analyze data, 4. Explain the relationship between experimental probability in genetics etc. results and larger biological concepts,  AP Biology - Chapter 1 - A View of Life 5 3. Questioning Scientifically: start with a good processes, or theories question - that can be researched 5. Predict the causes or effects of a change in, 4. Collecting Data Responsibly: primarily through or disruption to, one or more components in a investigation and experimentation biological system based on: biological 5. Analyzing and Evaluating Data: does it support the concepts/processes, a visual representation or hypothesis? Use: math, graphs, reasoning. Look data. for sources of error. |-->example AP BIO FRQs 6. Justifying Conclusions and Theories: evidence to support a claim, new information can change the conclusions. 7. Expanding Understanding and Connections: look at the Four Big Ideas, use your knowledge of chemistry and physics as well. The Process of Science: the scientific method acts as a Independent Variable = Input guideline for scientific studies. Dependent Variable = Output (depends on the 1. Observation - formal way of seeing what happens input) 2. Hypothesis - using inductive reasoning to formulate a possible explanation for a natural Research Hypothesis (H1): Independent does event. affect the dependent variable 3. Predictions and Experiments - Says its due to independent variable a. Deductive reasoning: involves if/then logic Null Hypothesis (H0): Independent does not to make a prediction. affect the dependent variable b. Experimental Design. Says its due to chance i. Experimental variable - independent, what is being tested ii. Responding variable - dependent, results, data iii. Control -test group is not exposed  AP Biology - Chapter 1 - A View of Life 6 to variable, 4. Presenting and Analyzing the Data: table and graphs a. Statistical data* - standard error/deviation (expected average) represented as bars. b. Statistical significance** - What are the odds that this data is due to chance? Willing to accept at %5 (0.05) but some studies want the results to be less than that. (Chi-Square Test). c. Scientific Publications - so that it can be reviewed by others. 5. Scientific Theory: concepts that join together Null Hypotheses: well-supported and related hypotheses, supported When you write a null hypothesis (no connection by many observations, experiments, data etc. between A & B) - you will do one of two things: Example: Cell or Evolution. Sometimes if it has been well accepted it is referred to as a 1. Reject the null because there is overwhelming principle/law (more mathematical). data (statistically significant) to reject it (which then supports the alternative hypothesis that THERE IS A CONNECTION between A & B) 2. Fail to Reject the null - reinforcing and supporting the ideas that there is no connection between A & B. Spoiler Alert: if the data you generate/collect would only happen again 5% of the time or less - then you REJECT THE NULL. Meaning your deviation from the expected (you expected no connection) is so great - it could not be due to chance....some other variable is at play. They are used because sometimes there are too many factors that something depends on →Null hypotheses eliminate all those variables by focusing on one factor only. You may be setting up a claim that will be disproven (on purpose) but this way you can focus on only 1 factor. *When a value is in the rejection section of the chart you say it is statistically significant. AP Biology - Chapter 1 - A View of Life 7