AP Biology Chapter 04 Cell Structure and Function Notes PDF

**AP Bio Chapter 04 Group Notes: Cool Video: [[Cell Structure and Function]](http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/07/cellular-visions-the-inner-life-of-a-cell/)** [[LINK TO GOOGLE SLIDE DECK]](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Sbq7x1L_QPs5A-euy_e0nOubBEBGEQB63pYy2W2tkGM/edit?usp=sharing) **Team M...

**AP Bio Chapter 04 Group Notes: Cool Video: [[Cell Structure and Function]](http://www.studiodaily.com/2006/07/cellular-visions-the-inner-life-of-a-cell/)** [[LINK TO GOOGLE SLIDE DECK]](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Sbq7x1L_QPs5A-euy_e0nOubBEBGEQB63pYy2W2tkGM/edit?usp=sharing) **Team Members:** Alpha note taker: Beta: Angus Rein Flavor-Flav: Flip-A-Pic: ***HSR&T*** (**H**ighly **S**uggested **R**eading and **T**hinking) **This is independent work that you can do as a (GSN) team/individually - either way, ALL members of the team should do the reading/thinking....you will be assessed over this information.** **Nature of Science: "Microscopy Today" (p. 60)** 1. 2. a. b. c. i. **4.1 Cellular Level of Organization 2.3** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The Cell Theory: | | | | | | 1. 2. 3. | | +===================================+===================================+ | Cell Size: | - | | | | | 1. 2. a. | | | | | | | | | | | | b. c. | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. d. e. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.11, 5.3, 6.1** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | In general: | All of life can be sorted into 3 | | | baskets: | | 1. 2. 3. | | | | - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | Outside: | Cell membrane = "doorman" -- | | | decides what goes in and what | | 1. 2. 3. 4. a. b. c. | goes out | | | | | | Cell wall = keeps the shape and | | | stops too much water from coming | | | in. Also acts as a barrier | | | | | | Capsule = slimy or solid -- the | | | "hairs" can help it grip to a | | | surface and reproduce | | | | | | - | | | | | | f | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Inside/Cytoplasm: | Cytosol is the fluid portion | | | inside | | 1. 2. a. | | | | Holds a single circular | | 3. | chromosome | | | | | | (eukaryotes have | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Archaea: (newer though name mean | | | ancient) | | | | | | 1. 2. 3. 4. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.3 Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells 2.1-2, 2-11** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | In general: | Order of Classification: | | | | | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | Did King Philip Come Over For | | | Good Soup | | | | | | - - - - - - - - | | | | | | Kingdoms of Eukaryotes | | | | | | - - | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | - - | +===================================+===================================+ | **Evolution: Endosymbiotic | - | | Hypothesis** | | | | | | 1. 2. a. b. c. d. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Structure/Biochemistry: | - - | | | | | 1. 2. 3. 4. | - - - | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.4 The Nucleus and Ribosomes 2.1-2, 5.3, 6.1** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nucleus: (control center) | Nucleus has a double membrane | | | because of the infolding of the | | 1. 2. 3. | mesonomes | | | | | | - - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | Ribosomes: (protein factory) | - - | | | | | 1. a. b. | | | | | | 2. c. d. | | | | | | 3. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.5 The Endomembrane System 2.1-2, 2-10** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | General: series of intracellular | | | membranes that compartmentalize | | | the cell | | +===================================+===================================+ | Endoplasmic reticulum: a system | Translation = | | of membrane channels (inside: | | | cisternal space) connected with | | | nuclear envelope | | | | | | 1. 2. 3. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Golgi Apparatus: (postal system) | Trans side = away | | has "polarity" | | | | - - | | 1. 2. a. b. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lysosomes: (stomach) | Contains hydrolidic enzymes that | | | the cell has engulfed. | | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Rough ER: has ribosomes in it. makes proteins, folds and sorts those proteins. Ribosomes outside the rough ER have to connect\* to the rough ER to put their proteins in so they can get folded. Then export vs non export proteins are sorted out. For export = to golgi for more folding and modification and then actually getting exported. Smooth ER: no ribosomes, makes lipids instead of proteins. Also takes carbohydrates (di/polysaccharides) and enzymes the hell out of them to get the glucose (monosaccharide needed for cellular respiration) out. That process is metabolism. the smooth er also unpoisons and undrugs poisons and drugs \*a free ribosome experiences mRNA, then puts out a signal peptide so they can get plugged into a rough ER, then they produce the rest of the peptides. **4.6 Vacuoles 2.1-2, 2-10** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Vacuoles: large membranous sacs | - - | | | | | 1. 2. 3. 4. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ A lysosome is a vacuole with that has hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes A lysosome can only consume stuff if another vacuole brings it to them. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells - In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. **4.7 The Energy-Related Organelles 2.1-2, 2-10** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | General: | | | | | | 1. 2. 3. | | +===================================+===================================+ | Chloroplasts: double outer | Stacks of pancakes inside -- | | membrane, site of photosynthesis, | surface area | | found in photosynthetic algae and | | | plants | - | | | | | 1. a. b. | | | | | | 2. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mitochondria: | Cristae increases surface area | | | | | 1. 2. a. b. | - - - - | | | | | 3. 4. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.8 The Cytoskeleton *The cytoskeleton/cell junctions are not on the "Essential Knowledge" list for the AP Bio Exam - but they do help you to understand cell motility and division found in later chapters.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | A network of connected filaments | | | and tubules, extends from the | | | nucleus to the plasma membrane | | +===================================+===================================+ | Microfilaments/Actin: | two chains of amino acids twisted | | | together | | 1. 2. | | | | The myosin pulls on the actin to | | | contract muscles | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Intermediate Filaments: | more amino acids involved | | | | | 1. 2. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Microtubules: | normal amount of chains but each | | | chain is wound large in diameter | | 1. 2. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Centrioles: | Expand out and helps separate the | | | sister chromatids | | 1. 2. | | | | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cilia/Flagella: | Cilia and flagella have 9 doubles | | | around a double (20 microtubules) | | 1. 2. 3. | | | | Centrioles have 9 triples around | | | nothing (27 microtubules) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **WHAT YOU MUST KNOW:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cell outer layers (from most exposed to least) -the appendages (flagella and cilia; prokaryotes also have fimbriae, sex pili) -Glycocalyx (only in prokaryotes, slime layer or capsule made of polysaccharides) -Cell wall (bacteria use peptidoglycan, archaea use polysaccharides, plants use cellulose and fungi use chitin\--animal exoskeletons use chitin but they do not have cell walls) -Cell membranes (usually phospholipids and proteins (even in bacteria), in archaea they use ether lipids \[more details not needed\])