Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer & Number Bases (PDF)

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer & Number Bases  Introduction A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer & Number Bases  Introduction A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use. Functionalities of a computer: Takes data as input. Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Generates the output. Stores the data/instruction in its memory and use them when required. Slide 2 of 34  Functionalities of a computer Slide 3 of 34  ComputerComponents Any kind of computers consists of Hardware and Software. Slide 4 of 34  Hardware Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched. Slide 5 of 34  Input We give our computer commands by interacting with various physical devices (like keyboard) which then get turned into data for our computer to process. The input device’s job is to detect and report any type of event. for example, a mouse can sense the action of being clicked. Input device Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with. Slide 6 of 34  Common Input Devices Slide 7 of 34  Processing Once we have some data, we need to process it. The job of processing data is given to the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU controls all the different components of hardware and software. We can think of it as the “brain” of the computer. Slide 8 of 34  The Central Processing Unit CPU Is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions based on an input of binary data (0’s and 1’s). The CPU main components are: Control Unit (CU). Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). Registers (Immediate Access Store). Slide 9 of 34  Control Unit (CU) Responsible for controlling and monitoring the input and output of data from the computer’s hardware. Receiving instructions from the software and running the show. Making sure that data is sent to the right component, at the right time, and arrives with integrity. keeping all the hardware working on the same schedule. It sends a regular electrical signal to all components at the same time to coordinate activities. Slide 10 of 34 The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Is where all the arithmetic and logical operations takes place on your computer. ▪ Arithmetic operations that deal with calculating data (e.g. 5 * 4 = 20) ▪ Logic operations that deal with comparisons and conditionals (e.g. 25 > 10) Slide 11 of 34  Registers The register, or immediate access store, is limited space, high-speed memory right on the CPU that can use for quick processing. They provide the CPU with a place to store and access values that are crucial to the immediate calculations the ALU is processing. Slide 12 of 34  Output Once the CPU processes data and sends out instructions on how to handle it, output is produced. Examples of output devices include: Monitors, Speakers, and Printers. If we clicked a mouse to open a file, the output would be the monitor displaying the file’s content. Output is the final step in the process of our computer interaction. Slide 13 of 34  Common Output Devices Slide 14 of 34  Memory Our computers have a lot of information to process, where does all this data get stored? Computer memory refers to the system or device used to store computer-based data temporarily or permanently. There are two types of memory: primary and secondary. Slide 15 of 34  Primary Memory Not all memory needs to last forever. Sometimes we just need information temporarily. To run a program, the CPU retrieves data it needs from Random Access Memory (RAM). Accessing data from RAM is significantly faster than accessing data from other memory systems. Once we exit a program or turn off the computer, the data is lost. Slide 16 of 34  Random Access Memory (RAM) Is a high-speed memory that a computer uses to store and access information on a short-term basis. Computer’s performance can be directly correlated to the amount of RAM it has available to use. Is considered primary volatile memory, which means it loses whatever is stored on it as soon as power is disconnected. Slide 17 of 34  Secondary Memory If we upload 150 photos to our computer, the computer needs a space to permanently store the data associated with the images so that we could access the pictures anytime. This type of data would most likely be saved onto our computer’s hard drive. Slide 18 of 34  Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Is responsible for the long-term, or secondary storage of data and programs. This is an example of non-volatile memory, meaning that it will retain its information when we shut down our computer. Slide 19 of 34  Ports A port is a physical outlet used to connect outside, IO (Input/Output) devices to a computer. A computer typically contains multiple ports. This connection allows for communication between the IO device and our computers. Examples of IO devices include keyboards, mice, and monitors. Slide 20 of 34  Mainboard The mainboard, or motherboard, is a printed circuit board that houses important hardware components via ports. The CPU, the HDD, various USB devices, and more are connected through ports on the mainboard. The mainboard allows these components to communicate easily. Slide 21 of 34  Buses Is an engineering term for a job-specific high-speed wire. These wires are often group together in bundles and will transfer electrical signals either in parallel or in serial. Buses can be grouped into three functions: ▪ Data buses. ▪ Address buses. ▪ Control buses. Slide 22 of 34  Buses Data buses are bidirectional and carry data back and forth between the processor and other components. Address buses are unidirectional and carry a specific address in memory. Control buses are unidirectional and are responsible for carrying the control signals of the CU to other components as well as the clock signals for synchronization. Slide 23 of 34  Software Software is a collection of instructions that tell a computer how to. Software is typically stored on an external long-term memory device, such as a hard drive. When the program is in use, the computer reads it from the storage device and temporarily places the instructions in random access memory (RAM). The process of storing and then performing the instructions is called “running,” or “executing,” a program. Slide 24 of 34  Software Types Software can be divided into two major categories: ▪ System Software ▪ Application Software Slide 25 of 34  Software Types System software is a set of programs that runs on computers, enabling them to perform tasks such as running applications. System software is responsible for the functioning of the computer system as a whole. Without it, computers are nothing more than shells of metal and plastic. System software runs and functions internally with application software and hardware. Moreover, it works as a linking interface between a hardware device and the end-user. Examples of operating systems: Windows, DOS, Apple, UNIX Slide 26 of 34  Software Types Application software is any software designed to perform a specific function. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, media players, graphic design tools, and video editing applications. Each application software type has its unique features and functions. For example, word processing software lets you create and edit text documents, while spreadsheet software lets you create and manipulate numerical data. Slide 27 of 34  Introduction to Number Bases Number bases are different ways of using the same number. We use a system called base 10, or decimal, for our arithmetic, but there are as many number bases as there are numbers. The common number bases: base 2 (binary) base 8 (octal) base 10 (decimal) base 16 (hexadecimal) Slide 28 of 34  Decimal Number System We are accustomed to writing numbers in base ten, using the symbols for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. For example, 75 means 7 tens and five ones. However, numbers can be written in any number base. In base 10 we use a system of place values as show below: 1000 100 10 1 4 2 1 5 4 X 1000 + 2 X 100 + 1 X 10 + 5 X 1 = 4215 3 1 0 2 3 X 1000 + 1 X 100 + 0 X 10 + 2 X 1 = 3102 Slide 29 of 34  Binary Number System Binary numbers are the heart of all computing systems since, in an electrical circuit 0 represents no current flowing whereas 1 represents a current flowing. Binary numbers are expressed as a combination of 0s and 1s. For example, 100110 is the binary equivalent of the number 38. In base 2 we use a system of place values as show below: 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 X 32 + 1 X 2 = 34 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 X 32 + 1 X 8 + 1 X 1 = 41 Slide 30 of 34  Decimal vs Binary Slide 31 of 34  Examples Convert the following binary numbers to base 10. A. 111 4 2 1 1 1 1 X + X + X =7 B. 101 4 2 1 1 0 1 X + X + X =5 Slide 32 of 34  Examples Convert the following binary numbers to base 10. C. 10101 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 X 16 + 1 X 4 + 1 X 1 = 21 D. 101110 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 X 32 + 1 X 8 + 1 X 4 + 1 X 2 = 46 Slide 33 of 34  Exercises Convert the following binary numbers to base 10. A. 1111 B. 1001 C. 11011 D. 11001 E. 101100 F. 110110 G. 111111 Slide 34 of 34