Chapter 1_Khalid(1).pdf

Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Dr. Khalid Muhammad Associate Professor Molecular Immunology Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260...

Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Dr. Khalid Muhammad Associate Professor Molecular Immunology Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Course Overview ❖ Foundations : Introduction and Physiology ❖ structure of the human nervous system, neural signaling, neurotransmitters ❖ Foundation Macroanatomy, Motor Systems ❖ reflexes, motor planning, action selection ❖ spinal cord, motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum ❖ Foundations: Microanatomy ❖ Neurons types & glial cells ❖ Neurological Disorders Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Course Text book Essentials of Modern Neuroscience, 1st Edition(David Standaert, et al) Available as hard copy in Library Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Exam rules (very important) Total 5 quizzes will be taken. Don’t miss the any quiz(no re-quiz will be possible). All quizzes will ALWAYS be conducted with Lockdown browser (screen recording) Midterm and final exam can be paper based In final exam- All syllabus will be included Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Midterm Exam date Midterm exam will be held on October 21,2024 (Monday) Time: 6-7pm Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience Image source: Hillman lab/Columbia’s Zuckerman Institute Neuroscience is the field of science that studies the structure and function of the nervous system (which includes the brain) of different species Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience How do we study the brain? Image source: BioRender Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience Scientific Inquiry: The process for scientific research Ask a Make a Conduct an Analyze Draw question hypothesis experiment data conclusions Make observations and Based on observation and Select the Analyze the data Summarize the data ask questions that can be previous research, make a methodology and collected through collected and form tested through scientific prediction or explanation tools that can be used your experiment. conclusions that relate methods. that can be tested with to test your hypothesis to your hypothesis. scientific methods. and design an Write a report. experiment. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience Neuroscientists are asking questions and conducting research to understand critical aspects of the brain... Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience The research shows that the brain is constantly updating as information comes in until it is time to make a decision. The brain is constantly asking questions! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? Image source: BioRender Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience Songbirds can copy songs of adult birds and practice them to perfection at a critical developmental stage. By studying the brain mechanisms that allow for this, we can better understand how exposure to sounds at a young age affects the way we hear and speak as adults. Animation by Skeptisketch Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Introduction to Neuroscience Neuroscientists study diverse topics that help us understand how the brain and nervous system work. How teenagers learn Bird song How we make decisions How animals store and recall memories What are the causes of sicknesses, Why you get annoyed with your such as Alzheimer’s disease neighbour chewing, but not yourself How we control our muscles Behaviours of electric fish Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Neuroscience Fun Facts True or False? Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  We have over 80 billion cells in our brain. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  True! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  We only use around 10% of our brains. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  False! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Messages from our brain to our body travel as fast as 268 miles per hour. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  True! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  A bigger human brain is a smarter brain. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  False! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  A Spermaceti whale has the largest brain in the world. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  True! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  The energy used by the brain is enough to light a 25 watts bulb. Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  True! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Some people have brains that are more right-sided (artistic) and others more left-sided (logical). Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  False! Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Neuroscience-Diseases Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Chapter 1 Organization & cells of the Nervous System Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Functions of the Nervous System Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Functions of the Nervous System ▪ Sensory input—gathering information ▪ To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body ▪ Changes = stimuli ▪ Integration ▪ To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed ▪ Motor output ▪ A response to integrated stimuli ▪ The response activates muscles or glands Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Structural Classification of the Nervous System ▪ Central nervous system (CNS) ▪ Brain ▪ Spinal cord ▪ Peripheral nervous system (PNS) ▪ Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord ▪ Spinal nerves ▪ Cranial nerves Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Organization of the Nervous System Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Organization of the Nervous System Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Organization of the Nervous System ▪ Sensory (afferent) division ▪ Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system ▪ Motor (efferent) division ▪ Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system ▪ Motor (efferent) division (continued) ▪ Two subdivisions ▪ Somatic nervous system = voluntary ▪ Autonomic nervous system = involuntary Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Central Nervous System Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Central Nervous System Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  The Reflex Arc Skin Spinal cord Stimulus at distal (in cross section) end of neuron Sensory neuron Receptor Integration center Motor neuron Effector Interneuron (a) Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  The Reflex Arc ▪ Reflex—rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus ▪ Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs ▪ Reflex arc—direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Simple Reflex Arc Sensory receptors (stretch receptors Sensory (afferent) Sensory receptors in the quadriceps neuron (pain receptors in muscle) Spinal cord the skin) Sensory (afferent) neuron Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Inter- Motor neuron (efferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector Effector (quadriceps (biceps (b) muscle of brachii thigh) muscle) (c) Figure 7.11b–c Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Types of Reflexes and Regulation ▪ Patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex is an example of a two-neuron reflex arc Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Two Types of Reflexes and Regulation ▪ Somatic reflexes ▪ Activation of skeletal muscles ▪ Example: When you move your hand away from a hot stove ▪ Autonomic reflexes ▪ Smooth muscle regulation ▪ Heart and blood pressure regulation ▪ Regulation of glands ▪ Digestive system regulation Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Support Cells CNS ▪ Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as “neuroglia” ▪ Function: to support, insulate, and protect neurons Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Support Cells CNS ▪ Astrocytes ▪ Abundant, star-shaped cells ▪ Brace neurons ▪ Form barrier between capillaries and neurons ▪ Control the chemical environment of the brain Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Support Cells CNS ▪ Microglia ▪ Spiderlike phagocytes ▪ Dispose of debris Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Support Cells CNS ▪ Ependymal cells ▪ Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord ▪ Circulate cerebrospinal fluid Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Support Cells CNS ▪ Oligodendrocytes ▪ Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system ▪ Produce myelin sheaths Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Support Cells PNS ▪ Satellite cells ▪ Protect neuron cell bodies peripheral nervous system ▪ Schwann cells ▪ Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons ▪ Neurons = nerve cells ▪ Cells specialized to transmit messages ▪ Major regions of neurons ▪ Cell body—nucleus and metabolic center of the cell ▪ Processes—fibers that extend from the cell body Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons ▪ Cell body ▪ Nissl substance ▪ Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum ▪ Neurofibrils ▪ Intermediate cytoskeleton ▪ Maintains cell shape ▪ Cell body ▪ Nucleus ▪ Large nucleolus Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons ▪ Processes outside the cell body ▪ Dendrites—conduct impulses toward the cell body ▪ Axons—conduct impulses away from the cell body Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons ▪ Axons end in axonal terminals ▪ Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters ▪ Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap ▪ Synaptic cleft—gap between adjacent neurons ▪ Synapse—junction between nerves Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons ▪ Myelin sheath—whitish, fatty material covering axons ▪ Schwann cells—produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashion ▪ Nodes of Ranvier—gaps in myelin sheath along the axon Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Nervous Tissue: Neurons Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Neuron Cell Body Location ▪ Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central nervous system ▪ Gray matter—cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers ▪ Nuclei—clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system ▪ Ganglia—collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Functional Classification of Neurons ▪ Sensory (afferent) neurons ▪ Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS ▪ Cutaneous sense organs ▪ Proprioceptors—detect stretch or tension ▪ Motor (efferent) neurons ▪ Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Functional Classification of Neurons Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Functional Classification of Neurons ▪ Interneurons (association neurons) ▪ Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system ▪ Connect sensory and motor neurons Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Neuron Classification Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Structural Classification of Neurons ▪ Multipolar neurons—many extensions from the cell body Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Structural Classification of Neurons ▪ Bipolar neurons—one axon and one dendrite Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Structural Classification of Neurons ▪ Unipolar neurons—have a short single process leaving the cell body Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Functional Properties of Neurons ▪ Irritability ▪ Ability to respond to stimuli ▪ Conductivity ▪ Ability to transmit an impulse Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Types of Neurotransmitters Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad  Neurotransmitters Introduction to Neuroscience BIOM 260 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dr. Khalid Muhammad