Middle Ages History (500-1485) - PDF

From the Origins to the end of the Middle Ages (500-1485) FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE CELTIC BRITAIN MIDDLE AGES The Island of Britain experienced a succession of invasions that brought different cultures, languages and beliefs The Celts spread across Europe and were...

From the Origins to the end of the Middle Ages (500-1485) FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE CELTIC BRITAIN MIDDLE AGES The Island of Britain experienced a succession of invasions that brought different cultures, languages and beliefs The Celts spread across Europe and were divided into three main groups The Gauls (Northern France) The Britons (Wales, Cornwall) The Gaels (Ireland, Scotland) They spoke a vaguely common language Their religion was Druidism and they worshipped the sun god FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE ROMAN BRITAIN MIDDLE AGES The Roman invasion The first raids date back to Julius Caesar in 55 BCE England and Wales were conquered under Emperor Claudius (43-54 c. CE) The Picts of Caledonia defended their land, Scotland The Romans built the Hadrian’s wall to protect ‘Britannia’ Towns, roads, stoned villas and aqueducts were built The Romans also brought Latin and Christianity In 410 CE the legions were withdrawn to fight on FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE ANGLO-SAXON MIDDLE AGES BRITAIN New Germanic tribes arrived from across the North Sea The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes spoke dialects of ‘Old English’ The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (660- 800) England was divided into seven kingdoms Christian evangelization of Augustine in England and Patrick in Ireland Churches and monasteries were set up FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE ANGLO-SAXON BRITAIN MIDDLE AGES Raids from Viking warriors started at the end of the 8th century In 793 the monastery of Lindisfarne was attacked Many others were then destroyed Alfred the Great (871-900) He united the Anglo-Saxons against the Danes He commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles Edward the Elder (900-924) He reconquered territories occupied by the Danes FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE THE NORMANS MIDDLE AGES Harold, the last Anglo-Saxon king, defeated the Vikings but was then attacked from the south William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 the Anglo-Saxon reign came to an end William was crowned king in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066 The feudal system was introduced Latin and Norman French were now the languages of church and government William commissioned the Domesday book, a detailed survey of the land and wealth in England FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE THE NORMANS MIDDLE AGES William I died in 1087 and a succession crisis followed His son William II was very unpopular Henry I, William II’s English-born younger brother, died without male heirs in 1135 Stephen, Henry I’s nephew, became king and lost much of his territories Henry I’s daughter, Matilda, was married with Geoffrey He died in 1154 Plantagenet Their son became king as Henry II in 1154 FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE THE PLANTAGENET MIDDLE AGES DYNASTY Henry II (1154-1189) A strong king who dominated over England and most of France 1164, the Constitution of Clarendon The king reduced the power of the church and affirmed royal authority Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, refused Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE THE PLANTAGENET MIDDLE AGES DYNASTY Henry was succeeded by his son Richard the Lionheart Richard spent most of the time fighting abroad, on crusade in Palestine and in France to regain territories His younger and unpopular brother, Prince John, governed the country He became king John I at his brother’s death in 1199 John I was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE THE PLANTAGENET MIDDLE AGES DYNASTY Turbulent times 1297, the First Scottish War of Independence William Wallace defeated the English troops and became a hero 1337-1453, the Hundred Years’ War England and France fought at intervals France finally regained all its territories, except the port of Calais 1348, the Black Death Nearly half of the English population died 1381, the Peasants’ Revolt The population demanded freedom and wages FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE END OF THE THE WAR OF THE MIDDLE AGES ROSES The House of York and the House of Lancaster started a 30-year dynastic struggle in 1455 The War of the Roses ended in 1485, when Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated Richard III of York at the battle of Bosworth Field REFERENZE ICONOGRAFICHE GL Archive / Alamy Stock Photo; Matthew Jacques / Shutterstock; David Ronald Head / 123rf; Universal History Archive/UIG / Bridgeman Images; Awe Inspiring Images / Shutterstock; INTERFOTO / Alamy Stock Photo; North Wind Picture Archives / Alamy Stock Photo; Pictorial Press Ltd /