Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology PDF

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Definition, History and Applications Prepared by Wan Nada Marhamah, BHSc, MScSoc, KBPA Why Study Psychology? Introduction Warm-Up Question ANSWER THIS QUESTION ON THE CARD: WHY ARE YOU SITTING IN PSYCHOLOGY CLA...

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Definition, History and Applications Prepared by Wan Nada Marhamah, BHSc, MScSoc, KBPA Why Study Psychology? Introduction Warm-Up Question ANSWER THIS QUESTION ON THE CARD: WHY ARE YOU SITTING IN PSYCHOLOGY CLASS WHEN THERE ARE SO MANY OTHER THINGS YOU COULD BE DOING? Psychologists Point of View They study complex behavior Physiological- having to do with an organism’s physical processes Cognitive- having to do with an organism’s thinking and understanding What is Psychology? The scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research The study can involve both animal and human behaviors Some believe our thoughts, feelings, and fantasies are important, but not always observable the study of behavior must be systematic Use of Systematic Method Usually asks and answers questions about why people think, act, and feel as they do reduces the chances of coming to false conclusions Blind men and elephant story video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vn9BUfUCL4I  The Goals of Psychology Description Explanation Prediction Influence Description Describe or gather information about the behavior being studied and present what is known Explanation Are not content with the facts They seek to explain why people or animals behave Hypothesis- an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research Theory- a set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study Prediction Use knowledge and predict what organisms think and feel in various situations By studying past behaviors, psychologists can predict future behaviors Influence Psychologists seek to influence behavior in helpful ways Basic Science- the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake Applied Science- discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals Scientific Method Question Hypothesis Experiment Results Conclusions Theory  Ivan Pavlolv – Classical Conditioning B.F. Skinner – Operant Famous Conditioning Psychological Experiments Stanley Milgram – Obedience Solomon Asch - Conformity  Section 2 A Brief History of Psychology The Origins of Psychology 5th and 6th Centuries Greeks studied human behavior and decided people were rational and not dominated by gods Greeks set the stage for the development of sciences The Origins of Psychology 1500 and 1600s Copernicus- published idea that the earth was not the center of the universe, the sun was. Galileo Galilei- used a telescope to confirm the predictions of Copernicus Descartes- proposed a link between the body and mind Historical Approaches Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt- is acknowledged for establishing modern psychology as a separate field of study Set up the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany Two types of elements: sensations and feelings Believes an individual observes, analyzes, and reports his or her mental experiences Structuralist- a psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences Introspection- a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings Functionalism William James- taught the first class in Psychology at Harvard University Wrote the first textbook “The Principles of Psychology” Functionalist- a psychologist who studied the function instead of the structure of consciousness Inheritable Traits Sir Francis Galton Wanted to understand how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character, and behavior. His study focused on genius being a hereditary trait Did not consider that distinguished families may also have exceptional environments and socioeconomic advantages Inheritable Traits Scientists recognized flaws in Galton’s research They came up with the theory that “a person’s heredity and environment interact to influence intelligence” Video 8 Intelligences - Theory of Multiple Intelligences Explained - Dr. Howard Gardner https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2EdujrM0vA Which intelligence do you think this comedian has? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDk5ajNDgZc Gestalt Psychology German Psychologists Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Kohler Kurt Koffka Disagreed with the principles of structuralism and behaviorism Believed perception was more than a sum of its parts Studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Biological Sociocultural Psychoanalytic Psychology Sigmund Freud Interested in the unconscious mind Used the technique of free association, which is still used today Believed that dreams are expressions of the most primitive unconscious urges His view on the unconscious is a powerful influence and controversy Psychoanalytic Psychology Psychoanalyst- a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts. Case study- is an analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of an individual  Behavioral Psychology Ivan Pavlov- Russian Scientist Salivating dog experiment Pavlov rang a tuning fork each time he gave a dog some meat powder. The dog would normally salivate when the power reached his mouth He repeated the experiment, the dog would salivate when it heard the ring The dog was conditioned to associate sound with food Video Classical Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd7Jdug5SRc Behavioral Psychology Behaviorist- a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment John Watson Believed psychology should only concern itself with the observable facts of behavior B.F. Skinner Introduced the concept of reinforcement Is a response to a behavior that increases the likelihood for the behavior to be repeated Humanistic Psychology Humanist- a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May are humanistic psychologists Believed human nature as evolving and self-directed Cognitive Psychology Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky Leon Festinger Cognitivist- a psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior Believe that behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus Biological Psychology Known today as behavioral neuroscience Psychobiologist- a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior Have found that genetic factors influence our behaviors Discovered a link between chemicals in the brain and human behavior Sociocultural Psychology Sociocultural psychologists study: the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning The impact and integration of millions of immigrants entering the U.S. every year Attitudes, values, beliefts, and social norms and roles of the various racial and ethnic groups