Introduction To Psychology PDF

1816: INTRODUCTION TO ➔ Johann Friedrich Herbart PSYCHOLOGY ➔ mind: conscious & unconscious Unit 1:...

1816: INTRODUCTION TO ➔ Johann Friedrich Herbart PSYCHOLOGY ➔ mind: conscious & unconscious Unit 1: 1859: ➔ Charles Darwinn “Origin of the Species” 01 What is Psychology? ➔ ➔ all traits are inherited ➔ the scientific study of behavior & mental processes 1869: Psyche = “soul” or “mind” ➔ Francis Galton Logia = “study” or “account” ➔ “Hereditary Genius” ➔ nurture is more important than nature ➔ younger compared to other sciences ➔ began as a branch of philosophy 1879: ➔ PSEUDOPSYCHOLOGIES ➔ Wilhelm Wundt ◆ science of psych differs from false ➔ founded first laboratory of experimental explanations of behavior because it psychology in Leipzig, Germany relies on scientific method ◆ actively looks for contradictions to 1883: advance knowledge ➔ Emil Kraepelin ➔ Psychologists: create and apply psychological ➔ “Textbook of Psychiatry” knowledge ➔ strict scientific and experimental approach to ◆ majority works in clinical settings the subject (private practices, mental health services) 1890: ◆ next largest group, colleges & univs ➔ William James “father of Psychology” ➔ “Principles of Psychology” PSYCHOLOGIST VS PSYCHIATRISTS ➔ theological and philosophical approach Psychologists CANNOT prescribe medicines, while 19th century to present: Psychiatrists CAN ! ➔ scientific method of studying the mind ◆ perception consciousness 02 History of Psychology ◆ ◆ memory 1649: ◆ learning ➔ Rene Descartes “dualism” ◆ intelligence ➔ mind and soul are separate ◆ practices (observation & experimental) ➔ “Passions of the Soul” ➔ cognitive: mind; affective: emotions; psychomotor: body 03 Goals of Psychology 05 Experimental 1) Description (What?) ➔ structured and controlled environment ◆ detailed record of behavioral observations 1) Naturalistic Observation 2) Understanding (Why?) (no interventions) ◆ identify the causes of the behavior ◆ studies behavior in natural settings 3) Prediction (How?) ◆ forecasting behavior reliably 2) Correlational Method 4) Control (Interventions) ◆ takes measurements to discover ◆ altering conditions that influence relationship between 2 events that behavior appear to be connected ◆ advice ≠ alternatives 3) Survey Method asks questions (behavior, thoughts, 04 Scientific Method ◆ attitude) ➔ test the truth of a proposition ➔ high ethical standards 4) Clinical Method ➔ develop critical thinking ◆ reviews natural events that affected an ➔ sources should be critically evaluated individual ◆ where research is conducted 1) Observe Behaviors ◆ asking questions and seek answers CONTROLS 2) Define the Problem Best method to use for determining cause & effect ◆ observations are organized logically cause = independent variable effect = dependent variable 3) Propose Hypothesis ◆ tentative explanation (“best guess”) ◆ MUST BE TESTABLE 06 Major Trends PSYCHODYNAMIC (Coping Mechanisms) 4) Conduct Research ◆ behavior stems from unconscious ◆ gather evidence and test hypothesis BEHAVIORISM ◆ environments shapes & controls 5) Publish Results behavior ◆ results are added to what is already known HUMANISTIC (finding meaning in life) ◆ self-image/perceptions guide behavior 6) Formulate Theory BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL ◆ theory: summarizes existing data and ◆ internal physical, chemical, & biological predicts future observations processes direct behavior ◆ new ideas emerge COGNITIVE ◆ mental processes of info guides behavior  THINKING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ◆ less abstract than adults Unit 2: ◆ STAGE THEORY ➔ DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS studies Piaget’s theory progressive changes in behaviors & abilities map of how thinking unfolds from birth to death ◆ SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY Vygotsky’s theory child’s mind is shaped with 01 Heredity VS Environment interactions from competent HEREDITY (Nature) partners ◆ parents -> offspring (genes) ○ scaffold the child’s ◆ influences temperament, susceptibility progress to diseases, potential cognitive abilities, etc. LANGUAGE ◆ cornerstone of early intellectual ENVIRONMENT (Nurture) development ◆ parental involvement ◆ patterns suggest a Biological ◆ socio-economic situation Predisposition ◆ religion acquire language, reinforced ◆ experiences, and etc. by learning external conditions affecting a ◆ control crying & babbling -> single person words & telegraphic speech ◆ children & parent interaction is critical “You are a product of your genetic heritage and the environment in which you have lived.” EMOTIONAL BONDING ◆ emotional bond w/ a caregiver is a crucial part during infancy 02 Maturation ◆ PARENTING & PARENTAL CARE primary caregivers are the ➔ physical growth of body and nervous system greatest influence ➔ motor, cognitive, emotional, and language proactive maternal development involvement, how well a parent matches a child’s NEWBORN CAPABILITIES temperament (goodness to fit), ◆ need the support of caregivers in order parent’s responsiveness to survive ◆ born w/ certain capabilities that allow PARENTING STYLES them to interact w/ the world ➔ Authoritarian ◆ Adaptive Reflexes: ➔ Permissive root ➔ Authoritative suck ◆ most effective! grasp ◆ see, hear, smell, taste, respond to pain & touch  CHILD DISCIPLINE 3 Initiative ➔ stress responsibility make plans ➔ involve mutual respect carry them out ➔ be clear ➔ consistent & humane 4 Industry ➔ encourage to seek achieving goals positive reinforcement being recognized DEPRIVATION & ENRICHMENT 5 Identity ◆ all areas of child development are form a personal identity affected by conditions of: 6 Intimacy Deprivation: friends lack of stimulation, comfort, family and love partner Enrichment: 7 Generativity complex, stimulating, and being productive supportive environment interest in guiding future gen ◆ caregivers play a significant role 8 Integrity successful lives are PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT based on happiness, ➔ does not end after adolescence! purpose, meaning, and ➔ stability and transition integrity DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS ➔ Erik Erikson ➔ analyzed a series of psychological dilemmas ➔ gaining trust in infancy -> living w/ integrity in old age 1 Trust trust others world comes from good parental care 2 Autonomy develop self-control and independence to develop sense of self-esteem