OpenStax_Psychology2e_CH01_LectureSlides (2).pdf

PSYCHOLOGY 2E Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. (credit "background": modification of work by Nattachai Noogure; credit "top left": modification of work by U.S. Navy; credit "top middle-left": modification of work by...

PSYCHOLOGY 2E Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. (credit "background": modification of work by Nattachai Noogure; credit "top left": modification of work by U.S. Navy; credit "top middle-left": modification of work by Peter Shanks; credit "top middle-right": modification of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "top right": modification of work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit "bottom left": modification of work by Gabriel Rocha; credit "bottom middle-left”: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk; credit "bottom middle-right": modification of work by Staffan Scherz; credit "bottom right": modification of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team) WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY Antonio Canova's sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Psych – Soul Ology – Scientific study of Psychology – Scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists study everything about the human experience from the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality and mental health.  WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Complicated.  THE IVORY TOWER. Sociology Philosophy Epistemology Psychology Ethics Neuroscience Biology Therapy Psychiatry Chemistry History Literature Neurology Physics Politics Math Psychology is the cube in the middle here. The other cubes represent everything else. HARD PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS ALL OF THESE OLD THINGS DO NOT COME FROM SCIENCE. Attention Representation Emotion Imagination Memory Attitude Cognition Consciousness Decision making Volition Idea Intelligence Sensation Personality Behavior Concept Thought Perception Conscious experience (the hard problem of consciousness) HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychological perspectives Structuralism – understanding the conscious experience through introspection. - Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism – focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment. - William James Psychoanalytic Theory – focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior. - Sigmund Freud Gestalt Psychology – Focuses on humans as a whole rather than individual parts. - Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler Behaviorism – focuses on observing and controlling behavior. - Pavlov, Watson, Skinner Humanism - emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. - Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers AT SOME POINT WE STARTED TO TALK ABOUT THE MIND PHILOSOPHICALLY (IN ADDITION TO THE SPIRITUAL STUFF THAT HAS ALWAYS BEEN GOING ON) PLATO AND HIS PLATONIC IDEALS. The School of Athens, 1509-1511 Raphael Fresco ARISTOTLE & MENTALISM →”nonmaterial” mind →what is consciousness? →Mind vs Psyche The School of Athens, 1509-1511 Raphael Fresco  MONISM Thales (~626-548 BCE) Nature is one thing that can be explained through studying nature, not through myth.  DUALISM “Cogito ergo sum [I think therefore I am].” René Descarte (1596-1650) The mind and body are distinct and separable.  AND THEN WE STARTED TO NOTICE THAT CHANGES TO THE BRAIN LED TO CHANGES IN THE MIND. PHINEAS GAGE (1823-1860) This happened in 1848.  BROCA’S AND WERNICKE’S AREAS Paul Broca (1861), working with Mr. Leborgne (Tan) “Yes... ah... Monday... er Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad... er hospital Carl Wernicke (1876)... and ah... Wednesday... “I called my mother on the Wednesday nine television and did not o'clock... and oh... understand the door. It was too breakfast, but Thursday... ten they came from far to o'clock, ah doctors near. My mother is not too... two... an' old for me to be young.” doctors... and er... teeth... Yah” FRANZ GALL (1758-1828) - PHRENOLOGY OUT OF THIS ZEITGEIST OF MIND-RELATED THINKING, PSYCHOLOGY WAS BORN.  WUNDT, TITCHENER, AND INTROSPECTION Introspection Identify and describe the structure of mental processes through careful reflection and experimentation. Wilhelm Edward Titchener Wundt WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920) “ "Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu, nisi intellectu ipse.” [Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses, except the intellect itself.] “ -Gottfried Leibniz -Wilhelm Wundt, Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung (1862) EDWARD TITCHENER (1867-1927) The charismatic force behind Structuralism. PSYCHOLOGY TOOK OFF. MANY PEOPLE GOT INTO IT AND MANY STARTED TO BE TRAINED IN IT.  FUNCTIONALISM William James WILLIAM JAMES (FUNCTIONALISM) William James, shown here in a self- portrait, was the first American psychologist. James drew from the functionality of cognitive processes, establishing functionalism. Functionalism - emphasized how mental activities contributed to basic environmental survival. MARY WHITON CALKINS Studied dreams Woke people up periodically to take notes however trivial. ”[A dream] merely reproduces in general the persons and places of recent sense perception and that is it rarely associated with that which is of paramount significance in one's waking experience”. Did a dissertation on memory. Wasn’t given a doctoral degree though. Paired associates test (recency, vividness, frequency) MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN First woman to earn a doctorate in Psychology Researched on animal behavior, and published an authoritative text on the subject. WILHELM WUNDT (STRUCTURALISM) Wilhelm Wundt is credited as one of the founders of psychology. He created the first laboratory for psychological research. Wundt emphasized structuralism. He focused on understanding the structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection. Introspection - Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts SIGMUND FREUD (a) Sigmund Freud was a highly influential figure in the history of psychology. (b) One of his many books, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, shared his ideas about psychoanalytical therapy; it was published in 1922. SIGMUND FREUD (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY) Founded Psychoanalytic theory, a perspective which dominated clinical psychology for many decades. Studied “hysteria” and neurosis. Theorized that many of his patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind. Believed that one way the unconscious mind could be accessed was through dream analysis. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences. Freud’s Couch (credit: BBC)  IDEAS POPULARIZED BY FREUD The unconscious drives behavior. Importance of childhood experiences. Mental representations of ourselves and others influence and guide our behavior. Personality develops over time. Psychosexual development and Oedipus complexes. Dreams have hidden meanings which reveal psychological truths. Cited Mary Whiton Calkins.  LOOKING AT INTROSPECTION, FREUDIAN THEORY, AND IGNORING COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY, THERE GREW A DESIRE FOR MORE SCIENTIFIC RIGOR.  GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Kohler, Koffka and Wertheimer were German psychologists who immigrated to the U.S. to escape Nazi Germany. Gestalt – “Whole” Based on the idea that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception. Ideas of Gestalt continue to influence research on sensation and perception. Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer (credit: Elearning Industry) IVAN PAVLOV (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) Discovered the concept of classical conditioning. Studied conditioned reflexes in which an animal produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus (salivating in the presence of food) and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus (salivating to the sound of a bell) that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus (Food and bell became associated). (Credit: Emaze)  THE BEHAVIORISTS “Psychologists must discard all references to consciousness.” -John B. Watson There are no mental processes. Psychology must ONLY explore observable and measurable things. Stimulus and response. Full stop. BF Skinner John B Watson  “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” -John Watson, 1924 “I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for thousands of years.” -John Watson, 1924, finishing that thought  JOHN B. WATSON (BEHAVIORISM) John B. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism within psychology. Believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible. Instead he focused on observable behavior and ways to bring that behavior under control. Today, behaviorism is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy. B. F. SKINNER Concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. Studied the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment which he saw as major factors in driving behavior (operant conditioning). ABRAHAM MASLOW (HUMANISM) Proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior.  CARL ROGERS (HUMANISM) Carl Rogers developed a client-centered therapy method that has been influential in clinical settings. Client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session. Rogers believed therapists need: - unconditional positive regard - genuineness - empathy ALSO, COMPUTERS WERE BECOMING A THING. Alan Baddeley Nancy Kanwisher Robert Sternberg Albert Bandura Frank Keil Edward Tolman Donald Broadbent Stephen Kosslyn Anne Treisman Jerome Bruner George Lakoff Endel Tulving Patrick Cavanagh Elizabeth Loftus Alan Turing David Chalmers Steven Luck Amos Tversky Marvin Chun George Miller Lev Vygotsky Antonio Damasio Ulric Neisser John McCarthy Daniel Dennett Jean Piaget Marvin Minsky Jerry Fodor Steven Pinker Allen Newell Howard Gardner Zenon Pylyshyn Herbert Simon Michael Gazzaniga V.S. Ramachandran Eleanor Gibson David Rumelhart Melvyn Goodale Daniel Schacter Alison Gopnik John Searle Donald Hebb Roger Shepard Marcia Johnson Daniel Simons Jerome Kagan Daniel Kahneman Elizabeth Spelke Larry Squire THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION By the 1950’s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging. The mind became the new focus of scientific inquiry. Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky was very influential in beginning the cognitive revolution. He believed psychology needed to incorporate mental functioning into its focus in order to fully understand human behavior. ALSO, SOCIETY WAS CHANGING. Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark FEMINIST PSYCHOLOGY  CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY Branches of psychology Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology Sensation and Perception Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Health Psychology Industrial-Organizational Psychology Sports and Exercise Psychology Clinical Psychology Forensic Psychology BIOPSYCHOLOGY Biological psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior. Research can include: - Sensory and motor systems - Sleep - Drug use and abuse - Ingestive behavior - Reproductive behavior - Neurodevelopment - Plasticity of the nervous system - Biological correlates of psychological disorders SENSATION AND PERCEPTION This area of study focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the psychological experience of sensory information. Sensation – Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell). Perception – Experience of the world which is influenced by where we focus our attention, our previous experiences, and our cultural backgrounds. When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Developmental psychology studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation. This can include various skills that are acquired throughout growth. - Moral Reasoning - Cognitive Skills - Social Skills Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual. Studies in this field include conscious and unconscious thinking and identifying personality traits. FIVE FACTOR MODEL Figure 1.14 Each of the dimensions of the Five Factor model is shown in this figure. The provided description would describe someone who scored highly on that given dimension. Someone with a lower score on a given dimension could be described in opposite terms. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY How individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior. - Prejudice - Attraction - Interpersonal conflicts - Obedience HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Branch that focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health/illness is determined by an interaction of these three factors. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior. Study involves clinical therapy and counseling. Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists. INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL Branch that applies psychological theories, principles and research to industrial and organizational settings. Involves issues related to personnel management, organizational structure and workplace environment. SPORTS & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY Focus on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance. Study includes motivation, performance related anxiety, and general mental well being. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Branch of psychology dealing with justice system. Tasks of Forensic Psychologists include assessment of individuals' mental competency to stand in trial, sentencing and treatment suggestions, and advisement regarding eyewitness testimonies. This field of psychology requires a strong understanding of the legal system. CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY Most careers in psychology require a PhD or a Masters degree. A few career options: - Teaching - Research - Clinical psychologist - Counseling psychologist - Social Work - Corporate and Marketing jobs Doctoral degrees are generally conferred in formal ceremonies involving special attire and rites. (credit: Public Affairs Office Fort Wainwright) EMPLOYMENT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS Individuals earning a PhD in psychology have a range of employment options. JOB OPPORTUNITIES Top Occupations Employing Graduates with a BA in Psychology (Fogg, Harrington, Harrington, & Shatkin, 2012) Ranking Occupation 1 Mid- and top-level management (executive, administrator) 2 Sales 3 Social work 4 Other management positions 5 Human resources (personnel, training) 6 Other administrative positions 7 Insurance, real estate, business 8 Marketing and sales 9 Healthcare (nurse, pharmacist, therapist) 10 Finance (accountant, auditor) This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.