Diploma in Healthcare Current Health Issues PDF

Diploma in Healthcare ACI 1214 Current Health Issues Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. CURRENT HEALTH ISSUES (ACI 1214) Chapter 1 Introduction to Health Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permissio...

Diploma in Healthcare ACI 1214 Current Health Issues Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. CURRENT HEALTH ISSUES (ACI 1214) Chapter 1 Introduction to Health Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. LECTURE OBJECTIVES At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: Define epidemiology List uses of epidemiology Underline indicators of health Calculate morbidity and mortality rates NATIONAL STATISTICS Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. DEFINITION It is a study of distribution & determinants of health related states & events in populations, & application of this study to control health problems. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. USES 1. To study historically the rise & fall of disease in the population. 2. Community diagnosis. 3. Planning & evaluation. 4. Evaluation of individual’s risks & Chances. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 5. Syndrome identification 6. Completing the natural history of disease. 7. Searching for causes & risk factors. 8. Prevention of diseases. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. DEFINITIONS EPIDEMIC = Unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behavior (smoking) or health related events. ENDEMIC = Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a geographic area or population group, without importation from outside. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. SPORADIC = Scattered about; cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time / infrequently. PANDEMIC = An epidemic affecting a large proportion of the population. Eg:cholera, Influenza, bird flu, Conjunctivitis. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. ZOONOSIS = Infection or infectious disease transmissible from vertebrate animals to man. E.g.: rabies, plague, bovine tuberculosis, anthrax. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION = Hospital acquired infection is an infection originating in a patient while in hospital. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION = Infection by an organism(s) that takes opportunity by a defect in host defense & hence causes disease. E.g.: HSV 1, tuberculosis, CMV EXOTIC = Diseases are imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur. E.g..: rabies in UK. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INFECTION = Entry & development / multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man / animals. CONTAMINATION = Presence of an infectious agent on a body surface / clothes / beddings / surgical instruments / surgical dressings / water / food. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INFESTATION = For persons or animals the lodgment, development & reproduction of arthropods on the surface of the body or clothing. E.g.: lice, itch mite, parasitic worms in the gut. HOST = A person or animal that affords lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INFECTIOUS DISEASE = A clinically manifest disease of man or animals resulting from an infection. CONTAGIOUS DISEASE = A disease transmitted through contact. E.G.: scabies, sexually transmitted diseases leprosy. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE = An illness due to specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to animal or from the environment (through air, dust, soil, water, food, etc) to man or animal. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. SURVEILLANCE = The continuous scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence & distribution of disease & other conditions of ill health. ERADICATION = Termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance & containment. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Communicable diseases may be transmitted from the reservoir or source of infection to a susceptible individual in many different ways, depending upon the infectious agent, route of entry & local ecological conditions. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. DIRECT TRANSMISSION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Direct contact Droplet infection Contact with soil Inoculation into skin or mucosa Transplacental (vertical) – ability of a toxin/pathogen to cross the physical and biological barrier of the placenta. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INDIRECT TRANSMISSION 1. Vehicle borne Water, food, blood, serum, plasma, tissues or organs 2. Vector borne Flies, mosquitoes, ticks, mites, parasitic worms 3. Air borne Droplets, dust Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 4. Fomite borne Infectious discharges from a patient, capable of harboring & transferring the infectious agent to a healthy person. E.g.: Soiled clothes, utensils 5. Unclean hands & fingers Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. National statistics, mortality and morbidity rates Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INDICATORS OF HEALTH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To measure health status of a community. To compare health status of one country with another. For assessment of health care needs. For allocation of scarce resources. For monitoring & evaluation of health services, activities, programmes. 6. Help to measure the extent to which objectives & targets of a programme are being attained. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INDICATORS MORTALITY RATE = No. of deaths during the year x 1000 mid year population IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS CRUDE DEATH RATE. Mortality = no. of death in one period of time Morbidity = rate of incidence of a disease Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Morbidity rates are used for assessing ill health in the community. Types of morbidity rates are : 1. Incidence (no. of newly appearing cases of disease) 2. Prevalence (no. of cases of disease existing in population) 3. Notification Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. LIFE EXPECTANCY DEFINITION: The average number of years that will be lived by those born alive into a population if the current agespecific mortality rate persist. It is a good indicator of socioeconomic development in general. In Malaysia life expectancy at birth in males is 70 years & in females is 75 years. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. INCIDENCE RATE = No. of new cases of specific disease during a given time period x 1000 population at risk Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. BURDEN OF DISEASE STUDY The principal cause of death in Malaysia for both males & females in 2000 were: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease(IHD) 2. Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)/stroke Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Top burden of diseases (mortality & morbidity) in Malaysia are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. IHD Mental Illness Cerebral Vascular Attack/Stroke Road Traffic Accidents Cancers Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diabetes Mellitus Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. REFERENCES: 1. James F. McKenzie, Robert R. Pinger & Jerome E. Kotecki (2008) An Introduction to Community Health (6th Edition) Jones and Bartlet Publisher, LLC 2. Managing Health and Safety in the New Millennium (2003). 3. Current Issues in Health (2004). Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Thank you Address Lot 33-40, Blok C, Plaza Juta, KM 7.2 Off Jalan Tuaran, 88400 Likas, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Telephone +6088 431 025/35 Website kk.cyberjaya.edu.my Email [email protected]