Chapter 1 - Human Organism PDF

ANAPHY LEC - Group of organs CHAPTER 1 – The Human Organism 6. Organism Define anatomy and physiology. - All organ systems working tog...

ANAPHY LEC - Group of organs CHAPTER 1 – The Human Organism 6. Organism Define anatomy and physiology. - All organ systems working together Describe levels of structural organization ORGAN SYSTEM OF THE BODY Explain homeostasis Discuss directional terms, anatomical position, 1. Integumentary System planes and section used in anatomy Differentiate body cavities. - Provides protection, regulates temperature 2. Skeletal System - Provides protection and support, allows body ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY movements Anatomy 3. Muscular System - Investigates body structure - Produces body movements, maintains posture - The term means to dissect 4. Nervous System Physiology - Detects sensations and controls movements, - Investigates the process and functions psychological processes, and intellectual functions. - Human Physiology: 5. Endocrine System - Studies human organism - Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other Systemic Physiology functions. 6. Cardiovascular System - Studies body-organ systems - Transports nutrients, waste products, gasses and, and Cellular Physiology hormones - Studies body cells 7. Lymphatic System Importance of Anatomy & Physiology - Maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs dietary fats - Responds to stimuli; environmental changes; from the digestive tract. environmental cues; disease &injury 8. Respiratory System TYPES OF ANATOMY - Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood 1. Gross Anatomy – Anatomical structures that can be 9. Digestive System seen by naked eye - Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and Systemic absorption of nutrients - Studies body organ-system 10. Urinary System Surface - Removes waste product from the blood and regulates - Studies external features, for example, bone blood pH projections 11. Female Reproductive System Regional - Produces oocytes is the site of fertilization and fetal - Studies body regions development 12. Male Reproductive System 2. Microscopic Anatomy - Using technologies (x-rays, - Produces and transfers sperm cell to the female ultrasound, and MRI) Embryology HOMEOSTASIS – fertilization of an egg Homeostasis Development biology - Maintenance of constant environment despite – complete development of an egg to death Cytology fluctuations in the external or internal environment – cellular structure functions Variables Histology - Measures of body properties that may change in value – organization and details of biological tissues Normal Range - Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION point. Six Levels from Chemical to Organism Set Point 1. Chemical - Normal or average value of a variable overtime and body - Smallest level, atoms, chemical, and molecules temperature 2. Cellular - Can be temporarily adjusted depending on body - Cells: basic units of life activities 3. Tissues - Group of cells with similar structure and function Four broad types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. 4. Organs - Two or more tissues types acting together 5. Organ-System 1|R A J  ANAPHY LEC Examples Common cause of TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN change Anatomical Position Body temperature Fever - Person standing erect with face and palms forward - Anatomical position, regardless of body orientation Heart rate, blood pressure, Exercise respiratory rate Directional Terms Superior: above - Inferior: below Negative Feedback Anterior: front ( also: ventral) - Is the mechanism used for homeostatic regulation. Posterior: back (also: dorsal) Feedback Response Involves: Medial: close to midline Detection: of deviation away from set point and Lateral: away from midline Correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and Proximal: close to point of attachment normal range Superficial: structure close to the surface Positive Feedback - Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further Note: in four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) stimulus further stimulates the response and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in System response causes progressive deviation away humans. from; Set point, outside of normal range Not directly used for homeostasis Some positive feedbacks occurs under normal conditions ex: childbirth Generally associated with injury, disease unable to maintain homeostasis THE COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK 1. Receptor - Detects changes in variable 2. Control Center - Receives receptor signal BODY PLANES - Establishes set point - Send signal to effector Sagittal Plane - Separates the body into right and left 3. Effector parts - Directly causes change in variable Median Plane - Sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves Transverse Plane - Horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal Plane - Vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts Comparison of Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback BODY PARTS & REGIONS Upper Limbs - Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower 2|R A J  ANAPHY LEC Limbs kidney - Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot 4. Pelvic Cavity Central Region - Space within pelvis - Head, neck, trunk - Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine SEROUS MEMBRANE Line trunk cavities, cover organs’ structure: SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN Visceral serous membrane - covers organ Parietal serous membrane - outer membrane Cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: Membrane Cavity Pericardium around heart Pericardial Cavity Pleura around lungs Pleural Cavity Peritoneum around Peritoneal cavity abdominopelvic cavity and its organs PERICARDIUM & PERICARDIAL CAVITY PERICARDIUM Visceral pericardium - covers heart Parietal pericardium - thick, fibrous Pericardial Cavity - reduces friction BODY CAVITIES 1. Thoracic Cavity - Space within chest wall and diaphragm - Contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea 2. Mediastinum - Space between lungs - Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea 3. Abdominal Cavity - Space between diaphragm and pelvis - Contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY 3|R A J  ANAPHY LEC PLEURA Visceral pleura - covers lungs Parietal pleura - lines inner wall of thorax Pleural Cavity - Reduces friction - Adheres lungs to thoracic wall PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY PERITONEUM Visceral peritoneum - Covers, anchors organs - Double layers called mesenteries Parietal Peritoneum - Lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal Cavity - Reduces friction 4|R A J