Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

Questions and Answers

Anatomy is the study of body __________.

structure

Physiology investigates the __________ and functions of the body.

process

The __________ system regulates temperature and provides protection.

integumentary

The __________ system provides support and allows body movements.

skeletal Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system produces body movements and maintains posture.

muscular Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system detects sensations and controls various functions.

nervous Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system influences metabolism and reproduction.

endocrine Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system transports nutrients and waste products.

cardiovascular Signup and view all the answers

Body temperature changes due to a common cause such as ______

Fever Signup and view all the answers

The anatomical position describes a person standing ______ with face and palms forward.

erect Signup and view all the answers

In directional terms, ______ refers to the area above.

Superior Signup and view all the answers

______ feedback is the mechanism used for homeostatic regulation.

Negative Signup and view all the answers

When the initial stimulus further stimulates the response, this is an example of ______ feedback.

Positive Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, ______ means close to the midline.

Medial Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ refers to structures that are close to the surface.

Superficial Signup and view all the answers

In four-legged animals, the terms ventral and dorsal correspond to ______ and posterior in humans.

anterior Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic cavity contains the heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, and ______.

trachea Signup and view all the answers

The space between the lungs is known as the ______.

mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

The abdominal cavity is located between the diaphragm and the ______.

pelvis Signup and view all the answers

The visceral pleura ______ the lungs.

covers Signup and view all the answers

The parietal peritoneum lines the inner wall of the ______ cavity.

abdominopelvic Signup and view all the answers

The pleural cavity reduces ______ and adheres the lungs to the thoracic wall.

friction Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal ______

environment Signup and view all the answers

Development biology involves the complete development of an egg to ______

death Signup and view all the answers

Histology studies the organization and details of biological ______

tissues Signup and view all the answers

The smallest level of structural organization is the ______, which includes atoms and molecules.

chemical Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous are four broad types of ______.

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Organs are made up of two or more ______ types acting together.

tissue Signup and view all the answers

Cytology focuses on cellular structure and ______.

functions Signup and view all the answers

The normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point is known as the ______ range.

normal Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a set point outside of the normal range.

stimulus Signup and view all the answers

The ______ detects changes in the variable.

receptor Signup and view all the answers

The ______ establishes the set point.

control center Signup and view all the answers

The ______ causes a direct change in the variable.

effector Signup and view all the answers

The ______ plane separates the body into right and left parts.

sagittal Signup and view all the answers

The ______ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

transverse Signup and view all the answers

The ______ feedback is generally associated with injury or disease.

positive Signup and view all the answers

The ______ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

frontal Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Human Organism

Organism defined as all organ systems working together.
Anatomy studies body structure; physiology studies processes and functions.
Levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Homeostasis

Concept of maintaining a constant internal environment despite external changes.
Variables are measurements of body properties; fluctuation occurs within a normal range.
Set point refers to the average normal value over time; temporary adjustments are possible.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position: person standing erect, face forward, palms up.
Directional terms:
- Superior: above; Inferior: below
- Anterior: front (ventral); Posterior: back (dorsal)
- Medial: close to midline; Lateral: away from midline
- Proximal: close to point of attachment; Distal: farther from point of attachment
- Superficial: close to surface

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative Feedback: Maintains homeostasis by reversing deviation from the set point.
- Components include receptor, control center, and effector.
Positive Feedback: Enhances initial stimulus; typically associated with processes like childbirth.

Body Planes

Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left parts.
Median Plane: Sagittal plane along the midline; divides body into equal halves.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.
Frontal Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Body Systems Overview

Integumentary: Protects body and regulates temperature.
Skeletal: Provides support and allows movement.
Muscular: Produces movement and maintains posture.
Nervous: Controls sensations and movement.
Endocrine: Regulates metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Cardiovascular: Transports nutrients, gases, and hormones.

Body Cavities

Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart, lungs, and major vessels.
- Mediastinum: Area between lungs housing the heart.
Abdominal Cavity: Contains digestive and other organs.
Pelvis: Houses reproductive and urinary organs.

Pleural and Peritoneal Structures

Pleura:
- Visceral pleura covers lungs; parietal pleura lines thoracic wall.
- Pleural cavity reduces friction and keeps lungs adhered to the chest wall.
Peritoneum:
- Visceral peritoneum anchors abdominal organs; parietal peritoneum lines compartment.
- Peritoneal cavity reduces friction for abdominal organs.

Tissue Types

Four broad types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.
Tissues consist of groups of similar cells working together in a specific function.

Feedback Components

Receptor: Detects changes in variables.
Control Center: Establishes set point and signals the effector.
Effector: Carries out changes to restore the variable to its set point.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy and physiology in this quiz focusing on the human organism. It covers levels of structural organization, homeostasis, and key terminology in anatomy. Test your understanding of the organ systems and their functions within the body.