Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th Edition PDF

15th Edition Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Comprehensive Chapter 1 Introduction to the World of C...

15th Edition Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Comprehensive Chapter 1 Introduction to the World of Computers Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning  Overview This chapter covers: – What computers are, how they work, and how they are used – Computer terminology – An overview of the history of computers – The basic types of computers in use today – How to access resources on the Internet – Societal impacts of computers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 2  Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? – Pervasive computing Also known as ubiquitous computing Computers have become an integral part of our lives – Basic computer literacy Understanding what a computer is and how it works 3  Computers in Your Life Before 1980 – Computers were large and expensive – Very few people had access to 1950’s computer 1960’s computer them – Computers were mostly used for high- volume processing tasks 4 1970’s computer 1980’s computer  Computers in Your Life Microcomputers in the early 1980s – Inexpensive personal computers 8-bit home computers – Computer use increased dramatically 5  Computers in Your Life Today – Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities Check e-mail on living room television View Internet content on mobile devices – Computer literacy is an essential skill for everyone 6  Computers in Your Life Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 7  Computers in the Home Computers used for a variety of tasks: – Looking up information and news – Exchanging e-mail – Shopping and paying bills – Watching TV and videos – Downloading music and movies – Organizing digital photographs – Playing games – Making vacation plans 8  Computers in the Home Used for reference, productivity, and entertainment Wireless networking – Computers can be used in nearly any location Smart appliances – Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology Smart homes – Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house 9  Computers in Education Youth today: the computing generation Computer labs and classrooms – Most students today have access to computers at school – Some schools integrate e- books into the curriculum 10  Computers in Education Wireless hotspots – Colleges and universities are even more integrated – Some have computer requirements for enrollment Supplied or Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) 11  Computers in Education Distance learning – Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access 12  Computers in Education Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 13  Computers on the Job Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for decision-making, productivity, and communication – By all types of employees – For access control and other security measures – For service professional use – Extensively by the military – Requires continually refreshing computer skills – Common uses: – Decision making, productivity, off-site communications, and authentication 14  Computers on the Job Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 15 Computerson the Job Work from home 16  Computers on the Go Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life – Consumer kiosks – ATM transactions – POS systems at retail stores – Self-checkout systems 17  Computers on the Go Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life – Consumer authentication systems – Portable computers or mobile devices – GPS systems 18  Technology and You Box Restaurant iPad Ordering Systems – Used in conjunction with e-menus – Customers can place and pay for orders – Can provide more resources to customers 19  What IsaComputer and What Does It Do? Computer – A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data – Follows instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic Operations – Input: Entering data into the computer – Processing: Performing operations on the data – Output: Presenting the results – Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use – Communications: Sending or receiving data 20 What IsaComputer and What Does It Do? 21  Data vs. Information Data – Raw, unorganized facts – Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information – Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information Processing – Converting data into information 22  Computers Then andNow The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations A major technological development characterizes each new generation Pre computers and early computers (before approx. 1946) – Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator – Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter 23 Slide Rule Abacus Mechanical Calculator Punch Card Punch Card Tabulating Machine  Computers Then andNow First-generation computers (1946- 1957) – Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes – Used a great deal of electricity and generated a lot of heat – ENIAC and UNIVAC ENIAC UNIVAC 29 Vacuum Tubes  Computers Then andNow Second-generation computers (1958-1963) – Used transistors – Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable – Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store 31 data  Computers Then andNow Fifth-generation (now and the future) – Infancy stage – May be based on artificial intelligence (AI) – Will likely use voice and touch input – May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology 34  Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer 35  Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection 36  Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – Hardware devices are associated with all five computer operations 37  Hardware Input Devices – Used to input data into the computer – Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones , touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. 38  Hardware Processing Devices – Perform calculations and control computer’s operation – Central processing unit (CPU) and memory 39  Hardware Output Devices – Present results to the user – Monitors, printers, speakers, projector s, etc. 40  Hardware Storage Devices – Used to store data on or access data from storage media – Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. 41  Hardware Communications Devices – Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information – Modems, network adapters, routers, etc. 42 Hardware 43  Software Software – The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do System Software – Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation – Without OS, computer cannot function – Boots the computer and launches programs at theuser’s direction – Most use a GUI to interact with the user via icons, buttons, tiles, etc. – Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, etc. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 45  Software Windows 8 interface – Start button, Start screen, tiles, charms, etc. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 46  Application Software Application Software – Performs specific tasks or applications Creating letters, budgets, etc. Managing inventory and customer databases Editing photographs Scheduling appointments Viewing Web pages Exchanging e-mail Burning DVDs Designing homes Playing games Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 47  Application Software Examples of application software – Word processing programs – Multimedia programs – Web browsers – E-mail programs Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 48  Computer Usersand Professionals Computer Users (end users) – People who use a computer to obtain information Computer professionals include: – Programmers Write programs computers use – Systems analysts Design computer systems – Computer operations personnel Manage day-to-day computer operations – Security specialists Secure computers and networks against hackers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 49  Quick Quiz 1. Which of the following was not a first generation computer? a. IBM PC b. UNIVAC c. ENIAC 2. True or False: A window displayed when the computer needs more information from the user is called a dialog box. 3. Speakers are an example of a(n) device. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 51  Computers To Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: – Embedded computers – Mobile devices – Personal computers – Servers – Mainframe computers – Supercomputers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 52  Embedded Computers Embedded Computers – Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product – Cannot be used as general-purpose computers – Often embedded into: Household appliances Thermostats Sewing machines Treadmills Answering machines Cars Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 53  Trend Box Tiny PCs – Can look like a USB flash drive or small circuit board – Typically connect your TV to the Internet to display Web content – Some are full computers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 54  Mobile Devices Mobile Device – A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability – Typically has a small screen and keyboard – Examples: Smartphones Handheld gaming devices Portable digital media players Media tablets Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 55  Personal Computers (PCs) Personal Computer (PC) – Small computer designed to be used by one person at a time – Also called a microcomputer – Available in different sizes and shapes Desktop Computers – On or next to a desk – Tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one – PC or Macintosh – Not portable Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 56  Portable Computers Portable Computers – Designed to be carried around easily – Fully functional computers – Notebook (laptop) computers Typically use a clamshell design – Tablet computers Usually use a digital pen/stylus or touch screen No physical keyboard; can use on-screen or attached keyboard – Hybrid notebook-tablet computers – Netbooks Smaller and have more limited features than conventional notebooks Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 57  Portable Computers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 58  Thin Client and Internet Appliances Thin Client – Designed to utilize a network for much of its processing – Lower cost, increased security and easier maintenance – Limited or no local storage – Not able to function as a computer if network is down Internet Appliance – Specialized network computer designed for Internet access – Some use apps to deliver news, sports scores, weather, music, and other Web-based information Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 59  Inside the Industry Box Tech Clothing – Allows you to carry multiple devices safely – Can use devices while they are being worn – Make airport checkpoints easier Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 60  Servers Server – A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network – Sometimes referred to as a minicomputer – Users connect via a network with a computer, thin client, or dumb terminal – Virtualization Creating virtual rather than actual environments (often used to share a server for increased efficiency) Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 61  Mainframe Computers Mainframe Computer – Powerful computer used by many large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data – Standard choice for hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices – Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network – Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than servers – Usually operate 24 hours a day – Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 62  Mainframe Computers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 63  Supercomputers Supercomputer – Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer – Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible – Can cost several million dollars each – Tend to be very large and contain a large number of CPUs – Titan is one of the fastest computers in the world Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 64  Supercomputers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 65  Quick Quiz 1. A tablet PC is an example of a(n). a. Desktop computer b. Portable PC c. Internet appliance 2. True or False: The terms mainframe computer and supercomputer are interchangeable; both refer to the largest, most powerful computers. 3. A smartphone is an example of a(n). Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 66  Computer Networks and the Internet Computer Network – A collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together – Users can share hardware, software, and data – Users can communicate with each other Network Servers – Manage resources on a network Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 67  Computer Networks and the Internet Computer networks exist in many sizes and types – Home networks – School and small office networks – Large corporate – Public wireless networks – Mobile telephone networks Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 68  Computer Networks and the Internet Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 69  What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web? Internet – The largest/most well-known computer network in the world – Individuals connect using an Internet service provider (ISP) World Wide Web – One resource (a vast collection of Web pages) available through the Internet – Web sites contain Web pages stored on Web servers – Viewed using a Web browser (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, etc.) – Offers a wide variety of information Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 70  What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web? Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 71  AccessingaNetwork or the Internet Need a modem or network adapter to connect Some networks require a username and password Internet connections can be: – Direct (always-on) connections – Dial-up connections Internet addresses are used to access resources on the Internet – IP (Internet Protocol) address Numeric address that identifies computers (207.46.197.32) Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 72  IP Addresses and DomainNames IP Addresses – Are numeric and unique Domain Names – Correspond to IP addresses – Top-level domains (TLDs) – Identifies type of organization or its location Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 73  Uniform Resource Locators(URLs) Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) – Uniquely identifies a Web page, including Protocol or standard being used Web server hosting the page Names of folders in which the Web page file is stored Web page’s filename Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 74  Uniform Resource Locators(URLs) Protocols: – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http://) is typically used to display Web pages (https:// is used for secure Web pages) – File Transfer Protocol (ftp://) is often used for file exchange Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 75  E-mail Addresses E-mail addresses consist of: – Username An identifying name – The @ symbol – Domain name for the computer that will be handling the person’s e-mail (mail server) Pronouncing Internet addresses Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 76  How It WorksBox Campus Emergency Notification Systems – Enable students and teachers to be notified of dangerous activity, weather, etc. in a timely manner – Can be sent via text messages, e-mail messages, Facebook pages, Twitter feeds, digital signage systems, etc. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 77  Surfing the Web Web browser – Used to display Web pages Browser starting page or home page – The first page displayed when the browser is opened To navigate to a Web page, you can: – Type a URL in the Address bar – Click a hyperlink – graphics or text linked to other Web pages – Select a Favorite/Bookmark or page from the History list Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 78  Searching the Web Search site: – Helps you locate what you are looking for – Typically search using keywords Reference sites – Look up addresses, telephone numbers, ZIP codes, maps, etc. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 79  E-Mail Electronic mail (e-mail) – Electronic messages exchanged between computers on a network One of the most widely used Internet applications Can be conventional e-mail program, Web-based, or mobile-based Conventional Web-based Microsoft Outlook Gmail Mac OS X Mail Outlook.com Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 80  E-Mail Can contain photos, attached files, etc. Mobile e-mail may require a fee Other types of mobile communications – Short Message Service (SMS) – Multimedia Message Service (MMS) Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 81  E-Mail Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 82  Computers and Society The vast improvements in technology over the past decade have had a distinct impact on daily life, at home and at work Many benefits of a computer-oriented society – Ability to design products before construction leads to safer products – Earlier medical diagnoses and more effective treatment – Devices that allow physically and/or visually challenged individuals to perform job tasks – Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments – Download information, music, programs, movies, and more on demand Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 83  Computers and Society Computer-oriented society also has risks – Stress and health concerns – Spam – Computer viruses and malware – Identity theft and phishing – Privacy issues How data is collected How secure is the collected data Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 84  Computers and Society Differences in online communications – Less formal than traditional – Netiquette Be polite and considerate of others Refrain from offensive remarks – Abbreviations (acronyms) and emoticons Acronyms, such as BTW (by the way) Illustrations of faces, such as ☺ Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 85  Computers and Society Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 86  Computers and Society The Anonymity Factor – Gives many individuals a sense of freedom – Can also be abused Information Integrity – Use common sense when evaluating online content – Check your source--not all information on the Internet is accurate Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 87  Quick Quiz 1. Index.html is an example of a(n). a. URL b. IP address c. Web page filename 2. True or False: All information published to Web pages is accurate. 3. In the e-mail address [email protected], abc.com is the. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 88  Summary Computers in Your Life What is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computers to Fit Every Need Computer Networks and the Internet Computers and Society Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 89