History of Computers PDF

INT R ODUCTION TO COMPUTING COMPUTER ALS O KNOWN AS A CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) INTERPRETS & EXECUTES PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS & COMMUNICATES PERIPHERAL DEVICES. WHO INVENTED THE COMPUTER? CHARLES BABBAGE From : London, United Kingdom (British) Profession : Mathematician, Me...

INT R ODUCTION TO COMPUTING COMPUTER ALS O KNOWN AS A CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) INTERPRETS & EXECUTES PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS & COMMUNICATES PERIPHERAL DEVICES. WHO INVENTED THE COMPUTER? CHARLES BABBAGE From : London, United Kingdom (British) Profession : Mathematician, Mechanic al Engineer, and a Philosopher Known For : Father of Computer Purpose of Invention : To mechanize the mathematic al c alculations instead of manually doing them. Died at the age of 79 bec ause of gall bladder infec tion or Kidney failure  DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE DIFFERENCE E NGINE A N A LY T I C A L E N G I N E A s i m p l e m e c h an i c a l A g en e r al p u rpos e com pu ter computer s y s t em Can only do 1 C a n d o 4 m ath em ati cal m at h e m at i c al o p e r at i o n o p er at i o n s s u ch as addi ti on , which is addition. s u b t r ac t i o n , m u l ti pl i cati o n , I t h as a fas t e r s p eed and division. t h a n t h e a n al y t i c al I t i s s l o w er i n s peed engine. h e l p s b y a pro ces s or, pu n ch Designed in the 1820's c ard s a n d bu n ch o f co des  DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE D I FFE R E N C E E N G I N E A N A LY T I C A L E N G I N E FIRST PROGRAMMER A U G U S TA A DA K I N G , C O UN T E SS O F LOV E L AC E Fro m : Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n gdo m British Pro fe s s i o n : M at h e m at i c i an an d Wri ter K n o w n Fo r: Fi rs t Pro g ra m m er Wo rk t o g e t h e r w i t h C h arl es B abbage i n th e D i ff e ren ce E n g i n e D i e d at t h e a g e o f 3 6 becau s e o f C an cer EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS  FIRST GENERATION 1946-1959 J OHN PR ES PER EC KERT AND J OHN M AUC HLY I NVENT ED T HE FI R S T S UC CES S FUL ELEC TR ONI C C OM P UT ER C ALLED ENI AC , ENI AC S TAND S FOR “ ELECT R ONI C NUM ER I C AL I NT EG RAT OR AND C OM P UT ER”. EXAM PLES : ENI AC EDVAC ( ELEC T R ONI C D I S C R ET E VAR I AB LE AUT OM AT I C C OM P UT ER ) - B I NARY UNI VAC ( UNI VER S AL AUTOM AT I C C OM PUT ER ) - C OM M ERC I AL C OM PUT ER  ENIAC EL ECT RO N IC N UMERICA L IN T EGRATO R A N D CO MP UT ER Was c o m pl et ed i n 1945 an n o u n c e i n 1946 Was ab l e t o so l v e l arge c l ass o f n u m e ri c al p ro b l em s t h ro u gh re pro gram m i n g ENIAC  EDVAC E LEC T R O N IC DIS C R E T E VA R IA B L E AU T O M AT IC C O M P U T E R Th e E DVAC w a s a b i n a r y s e r i a l c o mpu t er w i t h a u t o m a t i c a d d i t i o n , su b t ra c t i o n , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n , p ro g ra mmed d i v i s i o n a n d a u t o m a t i c c h ec k i n g w i t h a n u l t r a s o n i c s e r i a l memo r y c a p ac i t y o f 1 , 0 0 0 4 4 - b i t w o rd s. EDVAC UNIVAC  UNIVAC U N IV ERS A L AU T O M AT IC C O M P U T E R Fi r st rel ea se i n 1 9 5 1 ⚬ w a s d esi gn e d a s a c o m me rc i a l d at a p ro c ess i n g c o mp u t e r , i n ten d ed to re p l a c e t h e p u n c h ed c a rd a c c o u n t i n g ma c h i n e s.  ADVANTAGES IT MADE USE OF VACUUM TUBES WHICH ARE THE ONLY ELECTRONIC COMPONENT AVAIL ABLE DURING THOSE DAYS. THESE COMPUTERS COULD CALCUL ATE IN MILLIS ECONDS. VACUUM TUBES A n e l e c t ro n i c d e v i c e t h a t c o n t ro l s t h e fl o w o f e l e c t ro n s i n a vacuum. It used a switch, a m p l i fi e r o r d i s p l a y s c re e n. U s e d a s o n / o ff s w i t c h e s , v a c u u m t u b e s a l l o w e d t h e fi r s t c o m p u t e r s t o p e r fo rm d i g i t a l computations.  DISADVANTAGES THESE WERE VERY BIG IN SIZE, WEIGHT WAS ABOUT 30 TONES. These computers were based on vacuum tubes. These computers were very costly. It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence of magnetic drums. As the invention of fi rst generation computers involves vacuum tubes, so another disadvantage of these computers was, vacuum tubes require a large cooling system. Very less work effi ciency. Limited programming capabilities and punch cards were used to take inputs. Large amount of energy consumption. Not reliable and constant maintenance is required.  SECOND GENERATION 1959-1965 S E C ON D G E N E RAT ION C OM P UTE RS W E RE B A S E D ON T RANS IS TOR INS TE AD OF VAC U U M T U B E S.  EXAMPLES H ONE Y WE L L 400 – Yea r 196 0 IBM 7 094 - Yea r 1962 CDC 16 04 CDC 36 00 U NIVAC 1108 ONEYWELL 400 196 0 By Honeywell International IBM 7094 196 2 By IBM U s e d f o r S c i e n t i fi c & Te c h n o l o g i c a l Applications Used by NASA for air force and missile CDC 1604 196 0 By Seymour Cray and his team at Control Data Corporation(CDC) CDC 3600 196 3 By Control Data Corporation (CDC) U s e d f o r S c i e n t i fi c & Military applications such as Global Circulation Modeling Successor of CDC 1604 Fortran Compiler UNIVAC 1108 196 4 By Sperry Rand Used for Business & S c i e n t i fi c Application.  THIRD GENERATION 1965-1971 THESE COMPUTERS WERE BASED ON INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. IC WAS INVENTED BY ROBERT NOYCE AND JACK KILBY IN 1958- 1959. IC WAS A SINGLE COMPONENT CONTAINING NUMBER OF TRANSISTORS. FORTRAN, COBOL, AND PASCAL WAS USED AS A PRO GRAMMING L ANGUAGE.  EXAMPLES PDP-8 PDP-11 I CL 2900 I B M 360 I B M 370  196 5 PDP-8 By Digital Equipment Corporation Designed for educational, industrial, and s c i e n t i fi c applications.  196 5 PDP-11 By Digital Equipment Corporation Successor of PDP-8 ICL-2900 197 4 By International Computers Limited Designed for business and s c i e n t i fi c c o m p u t i n g  196 4 IBM-360 (announced) By IBM But it was delivered between 1965-1978  197 0 ( a n n o u n c e d IBM-370 ) By IBM Successor to IBM 360  ADVANTAGES THE S E COMPUT ER S WE R E CHEAPER AS COMPAR ED TO S ECOND- GE NERATION COM PUT ER S. They were fast and reliab le. Use of IC i n t he c omp ut er p rovides the small size of the c omp uter. IC not only red uc e the size of the c omp uter b ut it also imp roves the p erformanc e of the c omp uter as c omp ared to p revious c omp uters. This g enerat ion of c omp uters has b ig storag e c apac ity. Inst ead of p unc h c ard s, mouse and keyboard are used for input. They used an op erat ing system for b etter resourc e manag ement and used the c onc ep t of time-sharing and multip le prog ramming. These c omp uters red uc e the c omputational time from mic rosec ond s to nanosec ond s.  DISADVANTAGES IC CH IPS AR E DIF F ICULT TO MAINTAIN. The hig hly s op hist ic at ed tec hnology required for the manufac turing of IC c hip s. Ai r c ond it ioning i s req uired.  FOURTH GENERATION 1971-1980 U S E S M IC ROP ROC E S S ORS AND VLS I OR V E RY L A RG E S C ALE INTE G RATION U S E C A N D C + + P ROG RAM M ING L A N G U AG E C A N P ROC E S S L A RG E AM OUNTS OF DATA I N S E C OND S. U N I X WA S T H E F IRS T OP E RATING S Y S T E M U S E D IN 4T H G E NE RATION C OM P U T E RS. STAR 100  ADVANTAGES FASTEST IN COMPUTATION AND SI ZE G ET RED UCED AS COMPARED TO THE PREVIOUS GENERATION OF COMPU TER. Heat generat ed i s negl i gi bl e. Sma ll in si ze a s c ompa red t o previ ous genera t i on c omputers. Less maintena nc e i s requi red. All types of hi gh-l evel l a ngua ge c a n be used i n t his type of c omput ers.  DISADVANTAGES THE MICR OPR OCE S S OR DES IGN AND FABR ICATION AR E VERY COMPLEX. Ai r c ond it ioning i s req uired in many c ases d ue to the p resenc e of ICs. Ad vanc e t ec hnolog y is req uired to make the ICs.  FIFTH GENERATION 1980-PRESENT THIS GENERATION IS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. The aim of the fi fth generation is to make a device which could respond t o natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organizat ion. This generation is based on ULSI(Ultra Large Sca le Integration) technology result ing in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic component.  ADVANTAGES IT IS MORE RELIABLE AND WORK S FASTER. It is ava il able in di ff erent si zes a nd uni que fea t ures. It provi des comput ers w i t h more user- fri endl y i nt erfa c es wi th mul t i medi a fea tures.  DISADVANTAGES THEY NEED VERY LOW-LEVEL L ANGUAGES. They may make the human b rains dull and doomed. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!