Chapter 05 Main Bank Multiple Choice Questions-5.2removed PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 1) A person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness is called a. intelligence. b. consciousness. c. mindfulness. d. creativity. Correct: This is the textbook's definition of consciousness. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 2) What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a. thinking b. cognition c. conscience d. consciousness Correct: Consciousness is a person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 3) Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm. a. infradian Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness b. circadian c. diurnal d. ultradian Correct: Circadian rhythms are internally driven daily cycles of about 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes. They involve the tendency to be asleep or awake at specific times, to feel hungrier during some parts of the day, and even the ability to concentrate. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 4) A circadian cycle is about ______ hours long. a. 1.5 b. 6 c. 12 d. 24 Correct: Circadian rhythms are internally driven daily cycles of about 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 5) A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ___________ cycle. a. infradian Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness b. circadian c. diurnal d. ultradian Correct: Circadian rhythms are internally driven daily cycles of about 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes. They involve the tendency to be asleep or awake at specific times, to feel hungrier during some parts of the day, and even the ability to concentrate. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 6) Which of the following is true of circadian rhythms? a. They are artificial inventions of timekeepers. b. They are internally driven cycles. c. They are sequences of events that occur once a month. d. They occur on the same schedule regardless of the changes from day to night. Correct: Circadian rhythms are internally driven daily cycles of about 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes. Light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 7) The sleep–wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the a. optical nerve. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness b. substantia nigra. c. suprachiasmatic nucleus. d. median forebrain bundle. Correct: One key brain structure in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Cells in the retina of the eye relay messages about light levels in the environment to the SCN. The SCN in turn communicates signals about light levels with the pineal gland. The pineal gland releases a hormone called melatonin, which peaks at nighttime and is reduced during wakefulness. Thanks to this system, light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 8) While university students may sometimes be an exception, most humans sleep at night and are awake during the day. What maintains this relationship? a. The eye relays messages to the brain about light levels, which synchronizes the circadian rhythms to the day-night cycle. b. People get more exercise during daylight, which promotes alertness and wakefulness. c. Ambient air temperature is cooler at night, which triggers the body to sleep. d. Our internal biological clock is synchronized with the day-night cycle when we are born. Correct: One key brain structure in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Cells in the retina of the eye relay messages about light levels in the environment to the SCN. The SCN in turn communicates signals about light levels with the pineal gland. The pineal gland releases a hormone called melatonin, which peaks at nighttime and is reduced during wakefulness. Thanks to this system, light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Page Reference: 182 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 9) SCN stands for a. stop control now. b. suprachiasmatic nucleus. c. serotonin controlled nucleus. d. sleep control nucleus. Correct: One key brain structure in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 10) Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located? a. thalamus b. cerebellum c. basal ganglia d. hypothalamus Correct: One key brain structure in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is part of the hypothalamus. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 11) _______________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland. a. Norepinephrine b. Testosterone c. Estrogen d. Melatonin Correct: Cells in the retina of the eye relay messages about light levels in the environment to the SCN. The SCN in turn communicates signals about light levels with the pineal gland. The pineal gland releases a hormone called melatonin, which peaks at nighttime and is reduced during wakefulness. Thanks to this system, light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 12) The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the a. morning. b. early evening. c. afternoon. d. night. Correct: The pineal gland releases a hormone called melatonin, which peaks at nighttime and is reduced during wakefulness. Thanks to this system, light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 13) What is the primary stimulus that regulates the "biological clock" that controls circadian rhythms? a. light b. taste c. smell d. touch Correct: Light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 14) When endogenous rhythms are studied by removing all external cues for what time of day it is, what duration of circadian rhythm do most people adopt? a. a rhythm that is between 23 and 24 hours long b. a rhythm that is 24 to 25 hours long c. a rhythm that is 25 to 26 hours long d. People do not establish a normal rhythm when cues about time of day are removed. Correct: When clocks and daylight are removed most people will go to sleep slightly later each night indicating a long circardian rhythm. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 15) Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age? a. We require more sleep as we age. b. As we age, we tend to need less sleep. c. We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age. d. The amount of sleep we require does not follow a consist pattern as we age. Correct: Researchers have found that we need much less sleep—especially REM sleep— as we move from infancy and early childhood into adulthood. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 183 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 16) Kendra is on a camping trip with several generations of her family. One night, the group decides to wake up the next morning at first light and go on a long dawn hike. If the sleep habits of her family members are typical for their ages, what should happen on the morning of the hike? a. The middle-aged adults will be groggier and less alert than the teenagers. b. The middle-aged adults will be more alert and function better than the teenagers. c. The youngest children in the group will be the most alert because they require the least amount of sleep. d. Everyone will be equally alert, regardless of age. Correct: In our teens and twenties, many of us become night owls who prefer to stay up late and sleep in. Later in adulthood, many of us will find ourselves going to bed earlier, getting up earlier, and we may begin to prefer working or exercising before our teenage children even begin to stir. However, research shows that these are more than just preferences: People actually do show higher alertness and cognitive functioning during their preferred time of day. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 183 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 17) Yusef spends a night at a sleep clinic. The technicians at the clinic hook Yusef up to sensors to measure respiration, body temperature, muscle movements, and brain activity while he sleeps. What technique is the clinic using to study Yusef's sleep pattern? a. positive sleep state analysis (PSSA) b. somnambulism c. polysomnography d. biofeedback Correct: Polysomnography refers to a set of objective measurements used to examine sleep-wake rhythms. Polysomnograms usually include recordings of brain activity, eye and muscle movements, respiration, heart rate, and body temperature. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 183 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 18) Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves? a. electromyogram (EMG) b. electrocardiogram (EKG) c. electro-oculogram (EOG) d. electroencephalogram (EEG) Correct: Sleep cycles themselves are most often defined by the electroencephalogram or EEG, a device that measures brain waves. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 183 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 19) You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep? a. alpha eventually replaced by delta b. delta eventually replaced by theta c. alpha eventually replaced by theta d. delta eventually replaced by beta Correct: As people begin to shift into sleep, their brain waves start to become slower, larger, and more predictable; these waves are known as alpha waves, and they signal that a person may be daydreaming, meditating, or starting to fall asleep. As people progress further into stage 1 sleep, their brain waves continue to slow down and become higher in amplitude—these are known as theta waves. Delta waves are only seen in deep sleep (stages 3 and 4). Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 20) Emily is currently in Stage 1 sleep. This means she is a. experiencing theta waves and light sleep. b. experiencing delta waves and walking in her sleep. c. relaxed but awake. d. hard to rouse and her muscles are completely relaxed. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Correct: In stage 1, brain waves slow down and become higher in amplitude—these are known as theta waves. Breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate all decrease slightly as an individual begins to sleep, but this is the lightest of the first four stages of sleep, making it fairly easy to rouse someone in this stage. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Applied Objective: Underst nd how the sleep cycle works. 21) Emilio is currently in stage 2 sleep. This means his EEG is showing __________ waves. a. only delta b. occasional delta c. occasional bursts of rapid, high-peaking d. only small, irregular Correct: During stage 2 sleep, the brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid, high- peaking waves called sleep spindles. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 22) Brain activity during sleep a. is relatively uniform, and does not change throughout the night. b. is very similar to activity during the waking state. c. is almost nonexistent. d. is correlated with changes in muscle tension, breathing, and other physiological responses. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Correct: Sleep is characterized by rhythms of brain activity. These changes in brain activity correspond to physiological changes, such as decreases in breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure as the sleeper passes through sleep stages 1–4. While it is true that EEG activity during REM sleep is very similar to activity during the waking state, this is not the case for brain activity during the non-REM stages. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 183–185 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 23) Which is the stage of sleep from which you would be most easily awakened? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4 Correct: As we progress through the first four stages of sleep, we respond to fewer and fewer external stimuli such as light and sounds. This continues into the deepest stage of sleep, stage 4, during which time the sleeper will be difficult to awaken. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 24) During which sleep stage do sleep spindles first occur? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Correct: Stage 2 is the first sleep stage to include sleep spindles—periodic bursts of EEG activity. What these large spikes in brain activity mean is not completely understood, but evidence suggests they may play a role in the process of memory storage. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 25) Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called a. delta waves. b. sleep spindles. c. paradoxical sleep waves. d. beta waves. Correct: Stage 2 is the first sleep stage to include sleep spindles—periodic bursts of EEG activity. What these large spikes in brain activity mean is not completely understood, but evidence suggests they may play a role in the process of memory storage. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 26) Maxine is currently sleeping. She is continuing to experience delta waves and she is very hard to rouse. Maxine is in __________ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 4 d. REM Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Correct: The deepest stage of sleep is stage 4, during which time the sleeper will be difficult to awaken. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184–185 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 27) The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. REM d. stage 4 Correct: The deepest stage of sleep is stage 4, during which time the sleeper will be difficult to awaken. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184–185 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 28) People in stage 4 sleep a. dream all the time. b. are hard to wake up. c. are easy to wake up. d. hallucinate. Correct: The deepest stage of sleep is stage 4, during which time the sleeper will be difficult to awaken. Most vivid dreams occur during REM sleep, not stage 4 sleep. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184–185 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 29) Marsha is a participant in a sleep study. After about 30 minutes of sleep, she enters stage 4. What are the researchers most likely to observe when studying Marsha during this period? a. slow, rolling eye movements b. reports of vivid, unrealistic dreams if Marsha is awakened c. slow brain waves called delta waves d. fast, brain waves called alpha waves Correct: Slow, large amplitude delta waves characterize stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. Eye movements and vivid dreaming are associated with REM sleep, not stage 4 sleep. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 184 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 30) REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because a. the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive. b. the body is very active and restless, but the brain is very inactive. c. the eyes are open, though the person remains asleep. d. colourful dreams occur, in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep. Correct: REM is sometimes known as paradoxical sleep because the EEG waves appear to represent a state of wakefulness, but it is in fact a stage of sleep, during which body movements are inhibited. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 185 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 31) What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1–4 of sleep? a. REM sleep b. Non-REM sleep c. REMN sleep d. paradoxical sleep Correct: REM is sometimes known as paradoxical sleep because the EEG waves appear to represent a state of wakefulness, but it is in fact a stage of sleep, during which body movements are inhibited. The REM pattern is so distinct that the first four stages are known collectively as non-REM or NREM sleep. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 32) Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _____________ minutes or so. a. 30–40 b. 90–100 c. 150–160 d. 210–220 Correct: On a typical night, at the end of the first REM phase we cycle back toward the deep sleep stages and back into REM sleep again every 90–100 minutes. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 16 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 33) John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he a. takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight. b. drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping. c. did not sleep much last night. d. slept more than eight hours last night. Correct: When we are deprived of sleep, we typically experience a phenomenon called REM rebound—our brains spend an increased time in REM phase sleep when given the chance. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 190 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 34) A person who gets very little sleep one night is likely to spend an increased amount in ____________ sleep, relative to the other stages, the following night. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 4 d. REM phase Correct: When we are deprived of sleep, we typically experience a phenomenon called REM rebound—our brains spend an increased time in REM phase sleep when given the chance. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 17 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 190 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 35) According to this hypothesis, sleep is necessary for fixing the wear and tear caused to the body during the day. a. restore and repair b. activation-synthesis c. preserve and protect d. problem-solving Correct: The restore and repair hypothesis is the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the day's activities. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 185 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand theories of why we sleep. 36) Which explanation of why we sleep would predict that long-term sleep deprivation would cause cognitive declines and physical problems, such as an impaired immune system? a. preserve and protect b. activation-synthesis c. restore and repair d. problem-solving Correct: The restore and repair hypothesis is the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the day's activities. Unlike the preserve and protect hypothesis, the restore and repair hypothesis predicts that physical "wear and tear" would accumulate if a person were not allowed to sleep. The Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 18 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness activation-synthesis and problem-solving hypotheses are theories of dreaming, and do not predict physical or cognitive decline will result from sleep deprivation. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 185 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand theories of why we sleep. 37) Which of the following statements supports the "preserve and protect" hypothesis of sleep? a. People tend to require more sleep after a hard day of work. b. Sleep deprivation can lead to impaired cognitive abilities. c. Jet lag is usually worse when traveling east than it is when traveling west. d. Many small animals sleep during the day, when they could be easily seen by a predator. Correct: The preserve and protect hypothesis suggests two more adaptive functions of sleep: preserving energy and protecting the individual organism from harm. To support this hypothesis, researchers cite that the animals most vulnerable to predators sleep in safe hideaways and during the time of day when they are most susceptible. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 186 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand theories of why we sleep. 38) Summer and Freddy are walking through the woods late at night. "It's so dark out here, we could walk over a cliff without even knowing it or get attacked by a bear!" says Freddy. "We should be asleep in bed instead of walking around at night." Freddy's comment reflects the logic behind which explanation of why we sleep? a. activation-synthesis b. preserve and protect Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 19 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. restore and repair d. problem-solving Correct: The preserve and protect hypothesis suggests two more adaptive functions of sleep: preserving energy and protecting the individual organism from harm. To support this hypothesis, researchers cite that the animals most vulnerable to predators sleep in safe hideaways and during the time of day when they are most susceptible. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 186 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand theories of why we sleep. 39) Kendra stays up all night partying with her friends. Based on sleep deprivation research, what is she likely to experience the next day? a. normal levels of wakefulness b. sleepiness for the entire day c. periods of sleepiness and periods of normal wakefulness d. severe cognitive impairment for the entire day Correct: Whether it is staying up all night to study or to play, the result the next day is predictable. There will be periods when the sleep deprivation leads to sleepiness, and other periods when individuals feel perfectly normal levels of wakefulness. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 186–187 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 40) _____________ is the discomfort one feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness. a. REM rebound Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 20 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness b. Jet lag c. Sleep displacement d. Sleep state misperception Correct: Jet lag is the discomfort one feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness. How much jet lag people experience is related to how many time zones they cross, and how quickly (e.g., driving versus flying). Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 188 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 41) Jet lag is typically the worst when travelling a. north. b. south. c. east. d. west. Correct: It is typically easier to travel west. When travelling east, a person must try to fall asleep earlier than usual, which is difficult to do. Most people find it easier to stay up longer than usual, which is what westward travel requires. Travelling north and south has little impact on sleep because time zones typically run west–east. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 188 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 42) Freud called the hidden meaning of a dream its __________ content. a. surface Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 21 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness b. manifest c. unconscious d. latent Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, latent content refers to the unconscious meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. This is in contrast to the explicit images and story line of a dream, which is called the manifest content. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 43) Dr. Sanchez is a psychoanalyst who is interested in analyzing dreams using Freud's perspective. As a psychoanalyst, he focuses on interpreting the __________ content of his clients' dreams in an attempt to understand their unconscious wishes and thoughts that may be expressed symbolically in their dreams. a. latent b. patent c. manifest d. marginal Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, latent content refers to the unconscious meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. Freud believed that the true meaning of the dream was hidden in the latent content—not the overt manifest content—and required interpretation. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 22 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 44) According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its __________ content. a. primary b. secondary c. manifest d. latent Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, the explicit images and story lines of dreams are called the manifest content. This is in contrast to the latent content, which are the unconscious meanings of dreams built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 45) Steve is currently undergoing psychoanalysis. His therapist asks him to write down everything he remembers about his dreams upon awakening. According to Freud's theory of dreaming, Steve is writing about the __________ content of his dreams. a. latent b. patent c. manifest d. marginal Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, the explicit images and story lines of dreams are called the manifest content. This is in contrast to the latent content, which are the unconscious meanings of dreams built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. In this example, what Steve would consciously remember about his dreams would be the manifest content. His therapist would then interpret Steve's dreams to determine the latent content. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 23 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 46) Cory is in therapy due to trauma he experienced as a child. His Freudian-trained therapist regularly asks him about his dreams. The therapist is interested in his dreams a. in order to gain insight into his motives, desires, and conflicts of which he is unaware. b. because he wants to understand Cory's random brainstem signals. c. in order to help him resolve current concerns and problems he is consciously aware of. d. as a way to help him eliminate or strengthen neural connections. Correct: Freud viewed dreams as an unconscious expression of wish fulfillment, and believed that all humans are motivated by primal urges, with sex and aggression being the most dominant. Analyzing the latent content of dreams could therefore help patients gain insight into these unconscious forces. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 47) The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that a. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes and urges. b. there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brainstem signals. c. the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems that we are conscious of. d. dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections. Correct: Freud viewed dreams as an unconscious expression of wish fulfillment, and believed that all humans are motivated by primal urges, with sex and aggression being the most dominant. Because these urges are impractical most of the time, not to mention they are often considered immoral, we learn ways of keeping these urges suppressed and outside of our conscious awareness. However, as we sleep we lose the power to suppress our urges and these drives begin to create all kinds of visions. Answer: a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 24 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 48) This dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes and urges. a. problem solving b. cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. activation-synthesis Correct: The psychoanalytic approach views dreams as an unconscious expression of wish fulfillment, and that all humans are motivated by primal urges, with sex and aggression being the most dominant. Because these urges are impractical most of the time, not to mention they are often considered immoral, we learn ways of keeping these urges suppressed and outside of our conscious awareness. However, as we sleep we lose the power to suppress our urges and these drives begin to create all kinds of visions. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 49) Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content. a. latent; manifest b. manifest; latent c. manifest; sublimated d. metaphorical; denotative Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, the explicit images and story lines of dreams are called the manifest content. This is in contrast to the latent content, which are Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 25 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness the unconscious meanings of dreams built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. While manifest content is obvious, determining the latent content of a dream requires interpretation. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 50) Manifest content is to latent content as a. obvious is to symbolic. b. wish is to fulfillment. c. symbolic is to obvious. d. unconscious is to conscious. Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, the explicit images and story lines of dreams are called the manifest content. This is in contrast to the latent content, which are the unconscious meanings of dreams built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. Manifest content is obvious to the dreamer, whereas latent content is hidden in symbolic representations that must be interpreted to be understood. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 51) According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the a. deep content. b. latent content. c. manifest content. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 26 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness d. subliminal content. Correct: In Freud's theory of dream interpretation, the latent content are the unconscious meanings of dreams built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges. Freud believed that this hidden content revealed the true meaning of a dream. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 52) If Alice's strange adventures in Wonderland were actually the dreams of a young girl, they probably occurred when she was in __________ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 4 d. REM Correct: Dreams are most common and the most complex in REM sleep. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 190 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 53) During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM sleep Correct: Dreams are most common and the most complex in REM sleep. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 27 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 190 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 54) According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the a. limbic system. b. cortex. c. thalamus. d. brainstem. Correct: The activation-synthesis hypothesis predicts that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189–190 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 55) The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that a. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. b. there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brainstem signals. c. the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems. d. dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections. Correct: The activation-synthesis hypothesis predicts that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem. The activation-synthesis hypothesis views dream content as random side effects of brain activity with little or no meaning. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 28 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189–190 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 56) The explanation of dreaming that places the LEAST importance on the underlying meaning of dreams is the ____________ approach. a. problem-solving b. psychoanalytic c. Freudian d. activation-synthesis Correct: The activation-synthesis hypothesis predicts that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem. The activation-synthesis hypothesis views dream content as random side effects of brain activity with little or no meaning. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 189–190 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 57) The activation-synthesis theory proposes that a. the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives. b. the cortex is inactive during dreaming, so dreaming is completely controlled by the brainstem. c. the activity in the brainstem constructs or synthesizes dream narratives. d. dreams are active attempts to synthesize solutions to problems. Correct: The activation-synthesis hypothesis predicts that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem. The burst of activity activates perceptual areas of the brain, producing imaginary sights and sounds, and it also activates emotional areas. Thus, the brainstem actions initiate the Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 29 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness activation component of the model. The synthesis component arises as the cortical areas try to make sense of all the activity. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 189–190 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 58) The best adjectives associated with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are a. bizarre, meaningless, and random. b. unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful. c. meaningful, problem-oriented, and historical. d. intelligent, free, and neurotic. Correct: The activation-synthesis hypothesis predicts that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem. Because this activity is random, dreams are bizarre and meaningless. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 189–190 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 59) The dream theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake, is known as the a. problem-solving theory. b. cognitive-dream theory. c. psychoanalytic approach. d. activation-synthesis hypothesis. Correct: Sleep researcher Rosalind Cartwright has proposed the problem-solving theory —the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 30 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 190 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 60) The problem-solving explanation of dreaming suggests that a. the symbols and metaphors in a dream disguise a person's true unresolved problems. b. dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems. c. there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brainstem signals. d. we are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems. Correct: Sleep researcher Rosalind Cartwright has proposed the problem-solving theory —the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 190–191 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 61) Which approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that occurs when we are awake? a. the problem-solving approach b. the psychoanalytic approach c. the lucid dreaming approach d. the activation-synthesis approach Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 31 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Correct: Sleep researcher Rosalind Cartwright has proposed the problem-solving theory —the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 190–191 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 62) Which approach to explaining dreams is best supported by the fact that students who are worried about getting a good grade in a class often have recurring dreams of running out of time on exams, oversleeping and missing class, or suddenly realizing that a paper deadline was just missed? a. psychoanalytic b. problem-solving c. latent-dream theory d. activation synthesis Correct: Sleep researcher Rosalind Cartwright has proposed the problem-solving theory —the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake. The theory predicts that the amount of waking concern about an issue will be positively correlated with the number of times it appears in a person's dreams. In contrast, the psychoanalytic theory focuses much more on the latent or unconscious content of dreams. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 190–191 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 63) A weakness of the _______________ theory is that there is little to no evidence that the brain can find solutions to our concerns while we sleep. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 32 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness a. psychoanalytic b. problem-solving c. circadian d. activation-synthesis Correct: Dreaming about events of the waking hours may be beneficial, but there is not much evidence that a solution awaits us when we awaken as the problem-solving theory suggests. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 191 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze different theories about why we dream. 64) Insomnia affects about _______________ Canadians. a. 1 in 3 b. 1 in 5 c. 1 in 7 d. 1 in 10 Correct: The most widely recognized sleeping problem is insomnia (which literally means lack of sleep), a disorder that affects around 1 in 7 Canadians. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 192 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 65) A diagnosis of insomnia is based primarily on which of the following? a. the number of hours of sleep on an average night b. a polysomnogram recording Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 33 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. the degree to which a person feels rested during the day d. a blood analysis Correct: Although the average adult may need around seven to eight hours of sleep to feel rested, there are substantial individual differences. Therefore, insomnia is defined not in terms of the hours of sleep, but the degree to which a person feels rested during the day. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 192 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 66) A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is a. zombulism. b. cataplexy. c. narcolepsy. d. insomnia. Correct: The most widely recognized sleeping problem is insomnia (which literally means lack of sleep). It can involve difficulty falling asleep, difficulty returning to sleep, or waking too early. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 192 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 67) People with insomnia have difficulty with which of the following? a. only with falling asleep b. only with returning to sleep after waking in the night c. only with waking up too early Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 34 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness d. with falling asleep, returning to sleep after waking, and waking up too early Correct: Although insomnia is often thought of as a single disorder, it may be more appropriate to refer to insomnias in the plural. Onset insomnia occurs when a person has difficulty falling asleep (30 minutes or more), maintenance insomnia occurs when an individual cannot easily return to sleep after waking in the night, and terminal insomnia is a situation in which a person wakes up too early—sometimes hours too early—and cannot return to sleep. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 192 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 68) If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from a. terminal insomnia. b. REM rebound. c. hypersomnia. d. reverse insomnia. Correct: One type of insomnia, terminal insomnia, is a situation in which a person wakes up too early—sometimes hours too early—and cannot return to sleep. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 192 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 69) ______________ occur during REM sleep, while __________________ occur during NREM sleep. a. Night terrors; nightmares b. Nightmares; night terrors c. Ordinary dreams; nightmares. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 35 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness d. Nightmares; ordinary dreams Correct: Nightmares are particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that, like most dreams, occur during REM sleep. In contrast, night terrors are not dreams, and occur in NREM sleep. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 193 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 70) Which of the following is true about nightmares and night terrors? a. They are two different names for the same phenomenon. b. Night terrors involve real daytime fears and actual events, whereas nightmares involve unreal content such as monsters. c. Nightmares are a type of dream, whereas night terrors appear not to involve dream content. d. Nightmares involve real daytime fears and actual events, whereas night terrors involve unreal content such as monsters. Correct: Unlike nightmares, night terrors are not dreams. These episodes occur during NREM sleep, and the majority of people who experience them typically do not recall any specific dream content. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 193 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 71) When he was a young child, Jerry would sometimes wake in the middle of the night screaming. He wouldn't remember having a bad dream, but remembers experiencing raw panic. Jerry most likely had a. night terrors. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 36 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness b. sleep apnea. c. REM behaviour disorder d. nightmares. Correct: Night terrors are intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state. A person experiencing a night terror may call out or scream, fight back against imaginary attackers, or leap from the bed and start to flee before waking up. The majority of people who experience them typically do not recall any specific dream content, and they are more common in young children than in adults. In contrast, nightmares are a type of dream. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 193 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 72) Vanya's legs bother him while he tries to sleep, and he feels the need to constantly move them into different positions. Sometimes it even causes him to wake up in the middle of the night. Vanya would be most likely to be diagnosed with a. restless legs syndrome. b. terminal insomnia. c. REM behaviour disorder. d. somnambulism. Correct: Restless legs syndrome is a persistent feeling of discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions. For those who are in constant motion, sleep becomes very difficult. They awake periodically at night to reposition their legs, even though in some cases individuals do not remember waking the next day. While restless leg syndrome might be a factor in some cases of insomnia, terminal insomnia is specifically a situation in which a person wakes up too early in the morning, which was not described as one of Vanya's symptoms. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 193 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 37 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 73) Ernie's muscle movements are not inhibited when he is dreaming. As a result, he literally acts out his dreams, sometimes injuring himself in the process. Ernie appears to suffer from a. severe sleepwalking. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. REM behaviour disorder. Correct: A severe and potentially dangerous condition is REM behaviour disorder. People with this condition do not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out the content of their dreams. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 74) REM behaviour disorder results from a. too much sleep. b. not enough sleep. c. the body not experiencing the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep. d. deterioration of the medial hypothalamus. Correct: A severe and potentially dangerous condition is REM behaviour disorder. People with this condition do not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out the content of their dreams. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 38 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 75) Which sleep disorder involves people literally acting out their dreams? a. sleepwalking b. REM rebound c. REM behaviour disorder d. sleep misperception Correct: A severe and potentially dangerous condition is REM behaviour disorder. People with this condition do not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out the content of their dreams. Contrary to popular belief, sleepwalkers are NOT acting out a dream. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 76) Another name for sleepwalking is a. narcolepsy. b. somnambulism. c. REM behaviour disorder. d. sleep misperception. Correct: Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 39 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 77) Which of the following is true about sleepwalking? a. It is dangerous to wake a sleepwalker. b. Sleepwalking is a sign of an underlying emotional disturbance. c. Sleepwalkers are acting out a dream. d. Sleepwalking is more prevalent in childhood. Correct: Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is more prevalent during childhood. Sleepwalking is not necessarily indicative of any type of sleep or emotional disturbance. People who sleepwalk are not acting out dreams, and typically do not remember the episode. It is not dangerous to wake up a sleepwalker, as commonly thought. At worst, he or she will likely be disoriented. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 78) Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a. a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day. b. a person has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning. c. a person periodically stops breathing during sleep. d. a person experiences bursts of aggressive behaviour during sleep. Correct: Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep (apnea literally translates to without breathing). Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 40 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 79) ___________________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to gasp for air. a. Sleep apnea b. Insomnia c. Narcolepsy d. Non-REM sleep Correct: Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep (apnea literally translates to without breathing). Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 80) Naomi's breathing stops briefly during sleep, causing her to gasp. What problem does Naomi most likely have? a. sleep apnea b. insomnia c. narcolepsy d. REM behaviour disorder Correct: Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep (apnea literally translates to without breathing). Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 41 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 81) A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is a. sleep apnea. b. insomnia. c. narcolepsy. d. cataplexy. Correct: Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep. For moderate to severe cases, a continuous positive airway pressure device —also known as CPAP—can force air through the nose, keeping the airway open through increased air pressure. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 82) If your physician says you need a treatment called a CPAP device, you are suffering from a. insomnia. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep apnea. d. sleep terrors. Correct: Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep. For moderate to severe cases, a continuous positive airway pressure device —also known as CPAP—can force air through the nose, keeping the airway open through increased air pressure. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 194 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 42 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 83) Narcolepsy involves a. unpredictable daytime attacks of sleep. b. inability to breathe while sleeping. c. a need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night. d. a need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night. Correct: Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 195 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 84) When Larry was a teenager, he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day, even though he was getting enough sleep each night. He also would experience sudden sleep "attacks" where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity. Larry suffered from a. sleep apnea. b. insomnia. c. narcolepsy. d. REM behaviour disorder. Correct: Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 195 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 43 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 85) _______________ is a sleep disorder involving excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, unpredictable lapses into sleep. a. Sleep apnea b. Insomnia c. Narcolepsy d. REM behaviour disorder Correct: Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 195 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 86) Sleep displacement would occur in which scenario? a. flying from New York to Los Angeles b. flying from New York to Athens Greece c. flying from New York to Buenos Aires. d. flying from New York to Buffalo. Correct: Sleep displacement happens when you must sleep earlier; an issue when travelling west to east. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 187–188 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 44 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 87) Studies of the impact of sleep deprivation have had an impact on what type of education discussed in your text? a. law school b. medical school c. armed forces training d. truck driving school Correct: Medical students can now request shorter shifts during residency and fewer on call nights. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 186–187 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 88) Asha has had trouble sleeping for the last three nights. Tonight, she is planning on drinking a couple of glasses of wine before bed to help her get to sleep. Which of the following is true about Asha's plan? a. Although excessive alcohol use should be avoided, having one or two drinks is an effective way to get a good night's sleep. b. Drinking alcohol before bedtime actually leads to partial arousal. c. Alcohol may encourage sleep, but it disrupts the quality of sleep, making people feel unrested the next day. d. Alcohol has no effect on people with insomnia. Correct: Although alcohol may make you sleepy, it disrupts the quality of sleep, especially the REM cycle, and may leave you feeling unrested the next day. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 195 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify and practise good sleep habits. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 45 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 89) Which of the following is a problem with many of the drugs used to treat insomnia? a. People can become dependent on the drugs and cannot sleep without them. b. These drugs do not actually encourage sleep. c. People tend to develop a sensitivity to the drugs (i.e., the same dose has a greater effect over time.) d. Nothing; when taken correctly, sedatives are the best treatment for difficulty sleeping. Correct: Although these drugs manage to put people to sleep, several problems frequently occur. People quickly develop a tolerance, meaning they require higher and higher doses to get the same effect, and many soon come to depend on the drugs so much that they cannot sleep without them. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 195–196 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify and practise good sleep habits. 90) Your textbook recommends which of the following to improve sleep? a. exercising an hour before bedtime b. concentrating on falling to sleep c. forcing yourself to stay in bed until you fall asleep d. waking up at the same time each morning Correct: Getting up at the same time every morning is a good sleep practice. Although this may lead to sleepiness the first day or two, eventually it helps set the daily rhythm. Exercising during the day can also be a good sleep practice, however, exercise late in the day may leave you restless and aroused at bedtime. Concentrating on sleep and continuing to lie in bed without sleeping are also not recommended. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 196 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 46 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify and practise good sleep habits. 108) Chemical substances that change emotions and perceptions are called __________ drugs. a. psychosomatic b. analgesic c. psychoactive d. prescription Correct: Psychoactive drugs are substances that impact functions such as thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 109) Cocaine is a(n) a. opiate. b. stimulant. c. barbiturate. d. hallucinogen. Correct: Cocaine is one of the most commonly abused stimulants. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 47 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 110) Stimulants are a. drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system. b. any drug capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behaviour. c. drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system. d. drugs derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and produce euphoria. Correct: Stimulants are a category of drugs that speed up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness. Cocaine and amphetamines are both examples of stimulants. Drugs derived from the opium poppy, which relieve pain and produce euphoria, are naturally occurring opiates, not stimulants. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 111) Amphetamines are a. barbiturates. b. stimulants. c. hallucinogens. d. opiates. Correct: Amphetamines are classified as stimulants, and come in a variety of forms. Some are prescription drugs such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and modafinil (Provigil) used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy, respectively. Some abused stimulants, mostly methamphetamine, are not prescribed drugs. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 48 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 112) Which of the following drugs is a stimulant? a. mescaline b. alcohol c. amphetamines d. psilocybin Correct: Amphetamines are classified as stimulants, and come in a variety of forms. Mescaline and psilocybin are hallucinogens and alcohol is a sedative. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 210–215 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 113) Despite its dangers, a young man continues to take cocaine because of the feeling of euphoria it produces for him. This powerful arousal of his nervous system is probably due to cocaine's ability to a. inhibit enzymes that break down neurotransmitters. b. increase the release of neurotransmitters. c. block the receptor sites for neurotransmitters. d. prevent neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed into presynaptic terminals. Correct: Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine by binding to presynaptic terminals. By blocking reuptake of dopamine, cocaine allows excess amounts of this neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse and continue binding with postsynaptic receptors. Answer: d Diff: 3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 49 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Type: MC Page Reference: 213 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 114) Trisha is at a club dancing, when someone offers her a pill. Soon after taking the drug, she begins to start hugging her friends and telling them how close she feels to them. She also experiences some minor visual hallucinations before passing out from dehydration and heatstroke. What was the pill that Trisha most likely took? a. methamphetamine b. Ecstasy (MDMA) c. DMT d. Xanax Correct: The drug Ecstasy (MDMA) is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects. It is popular at clubs and raves and is known to increase social bonding and compassion among those who are under its influence. Heat stroke and dehydration are major risks associated with Ecstasy use, especially when taken in a rave where there is a high level of physical exertion from dancing in an overheated environment. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 214 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 115) Stanley takes LSD. As a result he may experience which of the following effects? a. wakefulness, alertness, and shortened reaction time b. reduced anxiety and tension, and sedation c. a mixture of stimulant and narcotic effects d. powerful emotions and perceptual distortions Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 50 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Correct: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a type of hallucinogen. Like other hallucinogens, it produces perceptual distortions such as hallucinations. LSD can also elicit powerful emotional experiences that can be widely ranging—from extreme euphoria to fear, panic, and paranoia. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 214–215 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 116) Which of the following drugs is a hallucinogen? a. ketamine b. barbiturates c. amphetamines d. heroin Correct: Ketamine is a hallucinogen that induces dream-like states, memory loss, dizziness, confusion, and a distorted sense of body ownership. Barbiturates, amphetamines, and heroin are classified as sedatives, stimulants, and an opiate, respectively. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 215 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 117) Which of the following drugs is used by some cultures for spiritual and medicinal reasons? a. salvia b. ketamine Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 51 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. barbiturates d. heroin Correct: Among the Mazateca people of Mexico, salvia is used in divine rituals in which an individual communicates with the spiritual world. Shamans of the Mazateca people use salvia for spiritual healing sessions. Thus, these people believe the drug has profound medicinal properties. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 215 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the difference between spiritual and recreational drug use. 118) The active ingredient in marijuana is a. PCB. b. THC. c. LSD. d. PCP. Correct: The bud of the marijuana plant contains a high concentration of a compound called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). THC binds to cannabinoid receptors, which are distributed across various regions of the brain. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 216 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 119) Which of the following drugs is an opiate? a. mescaline b. psilocybin Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 52 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. LSD d. heroin Correct: Heroin is an opiate drug. The rest of the drugs are all hallucinogens. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 218 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 120) These drugs bind to endorphin receptors and mimic the action of endorphins. a. barbiturates b. opiates c. sedatives d. hallucinogens Correct: Endorphins (from endogenous andmorphine) are neurotransmitters that reduce pain and produce pleasurable sensations. Because opiates bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system, they mimic and amplify many of these effects. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 218–219 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 121) Elsa has just had major abdominal surgery and is in great pain. She asks her doctor if there is a medication that will relieve the pain from her injury. Which of the following is her doctor most likely to prescribe? a. a sedative b. amphetamine Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 53 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. an opiate d. a hallucinogen Correct: Because opiates bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system, they can be used to reduce pain and are very common in medical and emergency room settings. For example, the drug Fentanyl is used in emergency rooms for people in extreme pain. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 218–219 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 122) Which of the following is a sedative? a. nicotine b. barbiturates c. heroin d. mescaline Correct: Barbiturates were an early form of medication used to treat anxiety and promote sleep. They are classified as a sedative drug. Nicotine, heroin, and mescaline are a stimulant, opiate, and hallucinogen, respectively. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 219 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 123) Shateesh takes a moderate dose of a benzodiazepine. She is likely to experience a. wakefulness, alertness, and shortened reaction time. b. reduced anxiety and panic, and sedation. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 54 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. euphoria and relief of pain. d. exhilaration, visions, and hallucinations. Correct: Benzodiazepines are a form of sedative. They increase the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which helps reduce feelings of anxiety or panic. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 219 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 124) Which of the following is most likely to be associated with a sedative drug? a. feelings of excitement, confidence, and euphoria b. feelings of increased energy and pep c. a sense of calmness and relaxation d. wakefulness, alertness, and shortened reaction time Correct: Sedative drugs, sometimes referred to as "downers," depress activity of the central nervous system. They are typically used to reduce feelings of anxiety and panic (i.e., they have a calming and relaxing effect). Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 219 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 125) Prescription drugs a. are only used by a small number of illicit users. b. are only used by illicit users if "street" drugs are unavailable. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 55 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness c. are non-addictive. d. are second only to marijuana as the most commonly abused drug. Correct: Prescription drugs are now second only to marijuana as the most commonly abused drug among illicit users. In 2011, more than one million Canadians reported having used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons within the month prior to the survey. Users opt for prescription drugs because they are legal (when used as prescribed), clean, and relatively easy to get. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 220 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 126) Alcohol has a(n) ______________ effect on the nervous system by _______________ the activity of GABA. a. depressing; facilitating b. stimulating; facilitating c. depressing; inhibiting d. stimulating; inhibiting Correct: Alcohol facilitates the activity of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The net effect is to depress the central nervous system, which helps explain the impairments in balance and coordination associated with alcohol. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 221 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 127) At a biological level, how do psychoactive drugs primarily work? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 56 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness a. They alter the body's basal metabolism rate. b. They act on brain neurotransmitters and receptors. c. They disrupt glial cell activity in the cortex. d. They interfere with brainstem function, which leads to cortical dysfunctions. Correct: Most psychoactive drugs have their effect by binding to or blocking receptors in the brain, or otherwise affecting neurotransmitter activity in the brain. Cocaine, for example, blocks reuptake of dopamine by binding to presynaptic terminals. By blocking reuptake of dopamine, cocaine allows excess amounts of this neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse and continue binding with postsynaptic receptors. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 214 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 128) Compared to their peers who do not attend universities, university students drink _______________ alcohol. a. significantly less b. significantly more c. approximately the same amount of d. significantly less, but are more likely to binge when they do drink Correct: Researchers find that university students drink significantly more than their peers who do not attend university. Nearly one half of university students binge drink, one-third drove under the influence, 10–12% sustained an injury or were assaulted, and 2% were victims of date rape. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 221 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 57 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 129) The phenomenon whereby higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects is a. a craving. b. potentiation. c. tolerance. d. withdrawal. Correct: Tolerance occurs when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. People build up a tolerance to most drugs, including alcohol. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 195 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand drug tolerance and dependence. 130) The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called a. a craving. b. tolerance. c. obsessive compulsion. d. dependence. Correct: Dependence refers to a need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms, and it is often referred to as addiction. In contrast, tolerance is when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 211–212 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand drug tolerance and dependence. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 58 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness 131) After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking the drug. He begins to experience a variety of negative physical symptoms and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing? a. tolerance b. dependence c. drug psychosis d. drug intoxication Correct: Dependence refers to a need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms, and it is often referred to as addiction. In contrast, tolerance is when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 211–212 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand drug tolerance and dependence. 132) According to your textbook, which of the following is a long-term effect associated with methamphetamine and Ecstasy? a. changes in brain structure b. increased risk of thyroid cancer c. permanent psychosis d. There are no known long-term risks associated with these drugs. Correct: Long-term exposure to methamphetamine and Ecstasy can cause significant damage to nerve cells that transmit dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. These brain chemicals are important for regulating cognition, emotion, learning, sleep and many other functions. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 59 of 60 Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 5: Consciousness Objective: Analyze the short- and long-term effects of drug use. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 60 of 60

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