Ch04 Body Tissues 2024 (BIOL131) PDF

Chapter 4 Tissues (Part 1, Slides 4-34) (Part 2, Slides 35-61) I’m made of what? Dr. Zoë Soon Remember to print or save in Greyscale or Colour to create your External Brain L...

Chapter 4 Tissues (Part 1, Slides 4-34) (Part 2, Slides 35-61) I’m made of what? Dr. Zoë Soon Remember to print or save in Greyscale or Colour to create your External Brain Lecture (EBL) Notes Assignment & for studying Tips: *Many students like to print and add their own notes on to these slides in paper form. *Some students also like to completely re-write and create their own set of EBL notes. **Feel free to do what works best for you. Please note: Lecture Quizzes, Assignments, Tests, and the Final Exam will be on Lecture Material. Lab Exams will be on Lab Material.  Important Copyright Information  This lecture presentation, recording, the PowerPoint, pdf slides and Canvas files and materials that accompany it are the exclusive copyright of Professor Zoë Soon and may only be used by students currently enrolled in BIOL131 in the Fall term 2024 at the University of British Columbia Okanagan between the dates of Sept.-Dec. 2024 for the purposes of studying for BIOL131.  Unauthorized or commercial use of these lectures, including use outside of BIOL131 2024, and/or uploading to sites off of the University of British Columbia servers, is expressly prohibited.  Note that all images and materials have been obtained with publisher permission, or are publically available as creative commons.  Please contact Dr. Zoë Soon with any questions. Thank you!  Email: [email protected] Inspirational Quote of the Day: Scar tissue is stronger than regular tissue. Realize the strength and move on. ~Henry Rollins Smile of the Day: “How do you make a tissue dance?” “ Put a little boogie in it. 2 Your Own Completion Tracker  Suggested Homework – Week Four 1. Log on to our class website on Canvas each week for all course material. Here is where  you will find announcem ents, course syllabus, etc. 2. W rite your External Brain Study Notes: Print all of my Lecture notes out (grey-scale & 3-6 slides per page is fine), put in 3-ring binder, & bring to class to w rite fill in the   blanks! (or use your laptop to type in notes) - this will be your EB study notes! (lectures are recorded if you are ill – please use those to fill in your EB notes – study these for exam s! 3. Use practice Diagram labelling and videos at the end of this slideshow (slide 63-75).  4. Try out the free Chapter Practice Q& A and Flashcard sets I have created for you:.  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/anatomyandphysiologyreview/ 5. Recom m ended every w eek - Textbook Reading, Take Notes, and Do practice Q  inside Textbook: Skim read Chapter and add any notes for clarity that you need to your External Brain Study Notes. Do the practice questions in the textbook & check answers in the back. (You can borrow textbooks from the library, photocopy your textbook pages if you don’t want to mark it up or use another paper). 6. If you purchased a textbook with the on-line study resource M asteringAandP (M AP): a) Try the Practice Assignm ents I have set up for you (M APs) and Dynam ic Study  M odules (DSM s). You can track your progress during the term on the MasteringAandP (practice only, not for course marks)  b) Check out the M asteringAandP Study Area tab – need extra help? Try out the optional study tools available for each Chapter (test, quizzes, videos, Interactive   Physiology animations & practice questions, flashcards, audio-glossary, Interactive Section reviews, mp3 tutor sessions, helpful video clips). 3  Two fundamental kinds of cells in the body 1. (gametes): 1. Eggs 2. Sperm Wikipedia creative commons  produced by cell division mechanism called: _________ 2. _________________ (soma = body): 200 different types of cells in the human body  produced by: _____________ 4 Body___________________ Cells of similar function and/or structure can be grouped together to form tissues There are four types of tissues that make up our bodies 1) Epithelial tissue - forms the linings, covers, and glands 2) Connective tissue - connects and supports other tissues transports materials and stores energy reserves 3) Nervous tissue - Specialized to convey electrical impulses: control 4) Muscle tissue - specialized contractile tissue: movement, heart contraction, and muscular walls of organs Different combinations of these tissue are assembled to form organs 5  Microvilli The components of epithelial tissue Mucus in Epithelial Tissue goblet cell Absorptive Includes cell ___________________ _______________ Basement membrane Epithelia cover exposed Glands are derived surfaces and line internal from epithelia, but Connective cavities and passageways; secretory cells tissue they often contain predominate; there are secretory cells, or gland two types: cells, scattered among the other cell types. Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Exocrine glands secrete Endocrine glands secrete onto external surfaces or hormones or precursors into internal passageways into the interstitial fluid, (ducts) that connect to the usually for distribution by © Pearson Education, Inc. exterior. the bloodstream. 6  Epithelial tissue forms: 1) the covering on a body surface (e.g. skin) 2) the lining of body cavities or tubes (e.g. serous and mucous membranes) 3) the glandular tissue of the body (e.g. most endocrine glands) Epithelial tissue can function to protect, absorb, filter, and secrete, but usually is specialized to one or two functions This tissue is classified by the __________________ and by its ____________________ Epithelia: have one exposed or apical surface Basal surface is attached to a basement membrane (basal lamina)= sticky, non-cellular membrane made of glycoproteins & polysaccharides; anchors epithelia to connective tissue. It is gel-like. are avascular, and depend on underlying connective tissue for nutrients; are innervated © Pearson Education, Inc. 7  Functions of Epithelial tissue: 1) Physical Protection –from abrasion, dehydration, and chemical or biological agents 2) Control Permeability – epithelial cells differ in the degree that ions, proteins hormones, nutrients can cross 3) Provide Sensation –most have large sensory nerve supplies Neuroepithelia tissue contain cells that sense smell, taste, sight, equilibrium and hearing 4) Produce Specialized Secretions – gland cells; epithelia that secrete Specializations of Epithelial Cells: ___________ –absorption, increase surface area of the cell by 20x ___________ – 250 cilia/cell coordinated beating moves mucus, injured by smoke, abrasion, & disease. © Pearson Education, Inc. 8  Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelial tissue: 1) Intercellular Connections 2) Attachment to the basal lamina 3) Maintenance and repair –stem cells, epithelia germinative cells located near basal lamina Intercellular Connections: Epithelial cells attach to one another and extracellular fibers of the basal lamina Plasma Membranes attach through transmembrane proteins called ____________ (Cell Adhesion Molecules; cadherin, integrin) __________________________________ –made of proteoglycans _____________________________ : 1) Adhesion belt 2) Tight/Occluding Junctions (interlocking proteins & lipids), 3) Gap Junctions (interlocking channel proteins “connexons” that allow ion transport; necessary for muscle contraction & cilia synchronization) 4) Desmosomes (Spot Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes) (aka Macula Adherens) – consist of CAMs to link plasma membrane(s). 9  Basement 10 © Pearson Education, Inc. membrane  Structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to adjacent tissues (cont.): At a tight or occluding junction, the lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking transmembrane proteins. An __________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to adjacent tissues (cont.): An _____________________ encircles cells & binds them to their neighbours through bands of dense transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherin) attached to © Pearson Education, Inc. microfilaments (actin) 12  Structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to adjacent tissues (cont.): _________________ are channel proteins that form a narrow passageway and let small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell. (Found in tissue and tissue) An ______________________ © Pearson Education, Inc. 13  Structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to adjacent tissues (cont.): _______________ = a Cell adhesion Intermediate molecules (CAMs) are filaments (keratin) of the transmembrane proteins cytoskeleton that bind to each other and to extracellular Why are materials. desmosomes only in spots? The membranes of adjacent cells may also be bonded by ______________________, a thin layer of ________________ A ______________________ increases the resistance of the tissue to mechanical stress © Pearson Education, Inc. 14  Structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to adjacent tissues: Intermediate filaments _____________________ Basement Membrane (keratin) of the The basement membrane, is a complex cytoskeleton structure produced by the basal surface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. The clear layer, or lamina lucida or basal lamina contains glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments. The dense layer, or lamina densa or reticular lamina, contains bundles of coarse reticular fibers, giving the basal lamina its strength and A hemidesmosome, which acts as a filter that restricts diffusion between the adjacent tissues and the epithelium. attaches the deepest epithelial cells to the basal lamina © Pearson Education, Inc. 15  1. Epithelia Specialized for diffusion (i.e. exchange of substances) and filtration Lining of blood vessels Forms the alveoli in the lungs, capillary walls, and the endocardium Also line body cavities that are not open to the outside, where they are part of serous membranes Functions: 1. Reduce friction 2. Regulate fluid composition –permeability, absorption, secretion © Pearson Education, Inc. 16  1. Simple Squamous Epithelia (cont’d) © Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Transport across simple epithelia. __________________transport __________________transport © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 18 2. Epithelia Most common stratified epithelia Specialized for protection, and is found in high use areas where abrasion can occur  lines the mouth, esophagus, and outer layer of skin (keratinized) The apical surface contains squamous shaped cells, whereas, the deeper cells may be cuboidal or © Pearson Education, Inc. columnar As surface cells are rubbed away, they are replaced by mitotic division of the basal cells (___________________) 19 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Keratin fibers Keratinized skin cells Surface of human skin © Pearson Education, Inc. 20  2. Stratified Squamous Epithelia (cont’d) © Pearson Education, Inc. 21 3. Epithelia Specialized for absorption & secretion Pearson through glands & ducts Thyroid gland Kidney tubules 22  3. Simple Cuboidal Epithelia (cont’d) © Pearson Education, Inc. 23  4. Epithelia © Pearson Education, Inc. 24  5. Epithelia © Pearson Education, Inc. 25  6. Epithelia Specialized for absorption and secretion Line the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus Contains glandular cells called goblet cells that produce a lubricant called mucous This gives epithelial lined cavities that are open to the outside the name Mucous Membranes © Pearson Education, Inc. 26  6. Simple Columnar Epithelia (cont’d) © Pearson Education, Inc. 27  7. Epithelia © Pearson Education, Inc. 28  8. Epithelia A convoluted apical plasma membrane forms the ‘motorized’ cilia, that aid in debris removal All cells rest on the basement membrane, but some are shorter than others. Gives rise to the term pseudostratified Lines most of the respiratory tract Secreted mucous collects debris and cilia propel it superiorly © Pearson Education, Inc. 29  8. Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia (cont’d) © Pearson Education, Inc. 30  Glands © Pearson Education, Inc. 31 © Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Exocrine Glands (Glandular Epithelia) A mucous cell in a ciliated columnar epithelium Mucin Golgi What method of secretion does a apparatus mucous cell use? Nucleus Mucous cell ___________________________ © Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Exocrine Glands (Glandular Epithelia) Armpits = _______ sweat glands (different from the rest of your body) Most of your sweat glands are called eccrine and secrete a clear, odorless substance (mostly water & NaCl). What method of secretion does a eccrine sweat gland use? __________________________________ 34  Connective Tissue consists of: a) _________ - fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, adipocytes, & white blood cells b) Extracellular matrix _______ – Makes up the bulk of CT fibrous proteins (collagen & elastin), ground substance (proteoglycans) c) _________________ Pearson 35 © Pearson Education, Inc. Connective Tissue Connective tissue is found to varying degrees in the different organs (e.g. lots in bone and skin, but very little in the brain) Connective tissue serves to: _________ and support (e.g. ligaments, tendons, and bones) ________________ (e.g. bones and cartilage, adipose tissue) ________________ (e.g. adipose tissue) ________________ (e.g. blood) Characterized by an intricate extracellular matrix, that has large amounts of collagen fibres (provide tensile strength), and elastin fibres (provide resiliency) Connective tissue can be vascular or avascular. Tendons and ligaments tend to be avascular, and as a result heal very poorly. There are six general categories of connective tissue: 1) loose connective tissue; 2) dense connective tissue; 3) cartilage; 4) bone; 5) blood; and 6) lymph 36 © Pearson Education, Inc. 37 1. Connective Tissue Proper contains cells (fibroblasts- secrete ECM proteins, adipocytes, macrophages –scavengers & mesenchymal cells – stem cells that can divide to produce fibrocytes, macrophages, or other cells) Loose: a) ________ Tissue eg. between skin & muscle contains both collagen and elastin fibres, loosely arranged forms the basement membrane for epithelia tissue, and mucous membranes this tissue swells with the release of fluid from the blood stream, a condition called edema © Pearson Education, Inc. 38 b) 1. Loose Connective Tissue, cont. c) © Pearson Education, Inc. 39  © Pearson Education, Inc. The three types of _______________ Connective Tissues Dense CT contains mostly collagen or elastic fibres in its matrix, closely packed. ______________________CT forms tendons (muscle-to-bone connections) & ligaments (bone-to-bone connections) are poorly vascularized, and deep fasciae around muscles which is highly vascularized. CT is found in dermis, visceral organ capsules, perichondrium, periosteum. – e.g. elastic ligaments between vertebrae, walls of large blood vessels 4040  2. Connective Tissues – Blood & Lymph The continuous circulation of extracellular fluid, including the fluid connective tissue called lymph © Pearson Education, Inc. 41  2. Fluid Connective Tissue - Cells © Pearson Education, Inc. 42  3. Supporting Connective Tissue ____________ ________ Cells (chondrocytes) are in Contains a very hard matrix of cavities called lacunae, and produce calcium salts and a large number collagen in a gel-like matrix of collagen fibres Cushions the end of long bones, Bone cells called osteoblasts supports the airway, form epiphyseal and osteoclasts reside in cavities (growth) plates, & intervertebral discs called lacunae Cartilage is avascular, and must Bone is quite vascularized receive nutrients through diffusion major site of hematopoiesis 43 © Pearson Education, Inc.  3. Supporting Connective Tissue, cont. © Pearson Education, Inc. 44  3. Supporting Connective Tissue, cont. © Pearson Education, Inc. 45  3. Supporting Connective Tissue, cont. ______________ is found around the perimeter of all 3 types of cartilage and has: 1) outer, fibrous layer of dense irregular CT + 2) inner, cellular layer (fibroblasts + chondrogenic cells) © Pearson Education, Inc. 46  Appositional growth of Cartilage Capillaries Interstitial growth of Cartilage Matrix New matrix Chondrocyte Lacuna Chondrocyte undergoes Additional matrix secreted, division pushes cells apart © Pearson Education, Inc. 47  3. Supporting Connective Tissue, cont. Bone Only a small volume of bone is ground substance 2/3rds of matrix is calcium salts (calcium phosphate) and the rest is collagen fibers and 2% is cells. © Pearson Education, Inc. 48 4 Types of _____________ 1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial © Pearson Education, Inc. 49  __________: CT layers & wrappings that support & surround organs. ←Loose CT; Provides insulation & padding ←Dense CT; Layers like plywood providing resistance ←Loose CT; provides padding © Pearson Education, Inc. 50  The relative contributions of muscle tissue and neural tissue to Epithelial tissue the weight of the body 3% Connective tissue 45% Neural tissue 2% Muscle tissue 50% © Pearson Education, Inc. 51  ___________Tissue Nervous tissue is considered to be ‘excitable’ due to its ability to transmit electrical impulses Nervous tissue consists of neurons (cells that convey electrical impulses) and a number of accessory cells called glial cells Neurons often transmit their signals to (4) other cells through a chemical messenger called a neurotransmitter © Pearson Education, Inc. 52 © Pearson Education, Inc. 53  Tissue Consists of specialized __________ tissue supported by connective tissues sheaths, and are considered ‘excitable tissue’ Muscle cells are also called muscle fibres because of their shape Three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. © Pearson Education, Inc. 54  Muscle Cells are long and thin, and have visible bands or striations. Due to their shape, skeletal muscle cells are called muscle fibres. Each fibre is multinucleated (more than one nucleus) probably due to their length 1. Fibres are packaged by connective tissue to form individual muscles. Skeletal muscle fiber (cell) This connective tissue covering Nucleus forms the tendon, which attaches the muscle to bone Striations Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control LM 400x Skeletal muscle 55 Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle tissue fiber  Muscle This tissue makes up the bulk of the heart. These cells are also striated, Nucleus however, they differ from skeletal muscle fibres in that they are smaller, Cardiac shorter, uninucleated, branching fibres muscle fiber (cell) Cardiac muscle fibres fit tightly together Intercalated with intercalated discs or gap junctions disc which allow the heart to contract in a synchronized fashion Striations These cells contain up to 35% Cardiac muscle fibers mitochondria Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control 56  Muscle Skeletal muscle Cells are small, uninucleated, and have no visible striations Cardiac muscle Found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, the bladder, the uterus, and the vessels Smooth muscle Smooth muscle contraction causes the organ diameter to be reduced (constriction) and relaxation causes the 300x diameter to increase (dilation). Smooth muscle contracts much slower than the other muscle types Smooth muscle is vital in the regulation of blood flow, blood pressure, and in moving foodstuffs through the digestive tract (peristalsis) 57  Response to Tissue Injury involves Inflammation & Regeneration 58 © Pearson Education, Inc. © Pearson Education, Inc. 59 The Skin as an Organ = Cutaneous Membrane The skin consists of 2 primary layers superficial to a supportive layer: 1.__________ – a special type of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that produces large amounts of the fibrous protein keratin (keratinized). The epidermis is tough and protective, but relies on the dermis for nutrients 2.________ – made up of dense connective tissue that is well vascularized and contains sweat and oil glands, and sensory receptors Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue) – contains adipose tissue that serves to insulate our bodies, and anchors the skin to underlying structures © Pearson Education, Inc. 60 Skin Aging and Repair During the aging process, skin looses elastic fibres from the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue diminishes, causing skin to wrinkle and sag. Skin becomes dry as glandular activity declines. Decreased ability to lose heat as blood supply to dermis is reduced Macrophages and immune cell population decrease to 50%. Skin repairs can be twice as slow. Muscles & bone weaken in part due to 75% decrease in vitamin D3 production which affects Ca2+ & PO4 absorption Decubitus ulcers- pressure sores occurs when pressure is continually applied to skin, soft tissue, muscle and bone in excess of the capillary filling pressures, 32mmHg. This can lead to irreversible tissue damage. Stretch marks: tearing of the dermis due to extreme stretching (e.g. during pregnancy), leaving visible lines (striae) 61 Ch4 Student Study Resources 62 © Pearson Education, Inc. 63 © Pearson Education, Inc. 64 © Pearson Education, Inc. 65 © Pearson Education, Inc. 66 © Pearson Education, Inc. 67 © Pearson Education, Inc. 68 Ch4 Excellent images that help students visualize structures 69 Chapter Opener 04 This scanning electron micrograph (SEM) shows fat cells (adipocytes) surrounded by fine protein fibers. © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 70 Extracellular matrix. © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 71 Structure of dense connective tissue. © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 72 Structure of adipose tissue. © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 73 Structure of dense connective tissue. © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 74 Structure of dense connective tissue. © Pearson © 2019 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 75