Exploring Human Biology and Science PDF Fall-2023

Exploring Human Biology and Science Nermin Eissa, Ph.D. College of Health Sciences Abu Dhabi University Fall-2023 Learning Outcomes: Comprehend the basic characteristics common to all living organisms. Describe the levels of organizat...

Exploring Human Biology and Science Nermin Eissa, Ph.D. College of Health Sciences Abu Dhabi University Fall-2023 Learning Outcomes: Comprehend the basic characteristics common to all living organisms. Describe the levels of organization of life. Classification of living organisms. Determine the general process of the scientific method. Activity: https://edpuzzle.com/media/5f4cef8267b9f93f724ffb1e ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 2  LIFE IS ORGANIZED Levels of biological organization: Atoms join together to form molecules. Cell—smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Some organisms are single-celled; some, like humans, are multicellular (composed of many cells). Tissue—group of similar cells that perform a particular function. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 3  LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education Access the text alternative for these images 4  LIFE IS ORGANIZED 2 Organ—composed of several tissue types. Organ system—group of organs that work together for a common purpose. Organism—collection of organ systems. Species—a group of interbreeding organisms. Population—the members of one species in a particular area. Community—interacting populations. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 5  LIFE IS ORGANIZED 3 Ecosystem—community of populations interacting with the physical environment. Biosphere—all of the Earth’s ecosystems. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 6  LIFE REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY 1 Energy—the capacity to do work. Humans acquire materials and energy by eating. Food provides nutrients, which are used for building blocks and energy. Maintain the body's essential functions and physical tasks. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 7  LIFE REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2 Metabolism—all of the chemical reactions that occur within cells. The ultimate source of energy for life on Earth is the sun. Photosynthesis—used by plants, algae, and some bacteria. Harvests energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy. Produces sugars, which serve as the basis for the food chain for other organisms. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 8  LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN AN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Homeostasis—a constant internal environment. Most organ systems strive to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis would be impossible to maintain without the ability to respond to stimuli. That is, external stimuli: remove one’s hand from a hot stove. That is, internal stimuli: adjustments to blood pressure in response to values outside of normal. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 9 LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE AND DEVELOP 1 When organisms reproduce, they pass on their genetic information to the next generation. Growth—increase in size and in the number of cells. Development—all changes that occur from fertilization until death. Includes changes occurring in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; also repair after injury. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 10 LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE AND DEVELOP 2 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)—the genetic information of all life. Contains hereditary information that directs the structure and function of all cells. Contains genes—short segments that specify traits Mutations—variations in genes. Can be beneficial and make organism better suited for its environment (this is the basis for evolution). ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 11 ORGANISMS HAVE AN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY ▪ Evolution—how a population changes over time. ▪ Natural selection—the process by which evolution occurs. When a new variation occurs that allows organisms to capture more resources, those individuals have more offspring. ▪ Adaptation—over time, population has more individuals with this advantageous variation. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 12  CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Summarize the levels of biological organization. Explain the relationship between adaptations and evolutionary change. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 13  HUMANS ARE RELATED TO OTHER ANIMALS 2 All life is classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea contain prokaryotes—single- celled organisms that lack a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. Some eukaryotes are single-celled, some are multicellular (like humans). ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 14  THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE 15 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education Access the text alternative for these images HUMANS ARE RELATED TO OTHER ANIMALS 3 The domain Eukarya is divided into four kingdoms: Plants (Plantae). Fungi (Fungi). Animals (Animalia). Protists (Protista). ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 16  THE CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE (ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA) Access the text alternative for these images 19 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education (Left image): ©Eye of Science/Science Source; (Right image): ©Science Photo Library/Getty Images  THE CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE (PROTISTA AND PLANTAE) Access the text alternative for these images 20 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education (Left image): ©M. I. Walker/Science Source; (Right image): ©Pixtal/age fotostock  THE CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE (FUNGI AND ANIMALIA) Access the text alternative for these images 21 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education (Left image): ©Ingram Publishing; (Right image): ©Fuse/Getty Images  KINGDOM ANIMALIA Most organisms in kingdom Animalia are invertebrates. That is, earthworms, insects, mollusks. Vertebrates. Have a nerve cord protected by a vertebral column. That is, fish, reptiles, amphibians and birds. Vertebrates with hair or fur and mammary glands are called mammals. That is, humans, raccoons, seals. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 20  HUMANS Humans are most closely related to apes, but are distinguished from apes by: Highly developed brains. Completely upright stance. Creative language skills. Ability to use a wide variety of tools. Humans and apes have a common ancestor. Humans are members of the biosphere. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 21  CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Define the term biosphere. Explain why humans belong to the domain Eukarya and kingdom Animalia. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 22  SCIENCE AS A PROCESS 2 Science—a way of knowing about the natural world. The scientific process uses the scientific method. It is a problem-solving method. A standard series of steps: making observations of the world, proposing ideas about how something works, testing those ideas and discarding (or modifying) our ideas in response to the test results—is the essence of the scientific method. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 23 STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Those important Question (testable) (Observation) steps are: Perform background research Formulate a hypothesis Conduct experiment Analyze data/result False hypothesis True hypothesis Report conclusion  START WITH AN OBSERVATION Observation is a formal way of watching the natural world. Made with. the senses (sight, smell). the help of instruments like microscopes. through research. Background Research Make a research about the topic ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 25  DEVELOP A HYPOTHESIS ▪ A hypothesis is a possible explanation for the observation of a natural event. ▪ Inductive reasoning—when someone uses creative thinking to combine facts into a cohesive whole. ▪ Scientists make a testable prediction based on a hypothesis. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 26  TEST A HYPOTHESIS Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list. Choose the independent (manipulated) variable, there must be just ONE independent/experience. Choose the dependable (responding) variable to measure. Test groups and a control groups are also used. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 27  COLLECTING AND ANALYZING THE DATA 1 Results are derived from experiments. Results, in the form of data, may be presented in a variety of formats. Graphs are useful tools to summarize data. Line graphs, bar graphs. Statistics are used to interpret data. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 28  DEVELOP A CONCLUSION Scientists analyze the data in order to reach a conclusion about whether a hypothesis is supported or not. The conclusion of one experiment can lead to the hypothesis for another experiment. Studies can be published in Scientific publications. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 29  AN EXAMPLE OF A CONTROLLED STUDY Hypothesis: antibiotic B is better than the currently used antibiotic A. Control group: subjects with ulcers receive a placebo (a pill that contains no medication). The two test groups each receive one of the antibiotics Double-blind study—neither the doctors nor the patients know which group they are in. Conclusion—antibiotic B had better results. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 30  CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Describe each step of the scientific method. Explain why a controlled study is an important part of the experimental design.. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 31