مقدمة في علم الأحياء البشري (Introduction to Human Biology) - المحاضرة 1

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ Introduction to Human Biology Lecture 1 1 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة‬ Dr Maryam Shubbar SLIDESMANIA.COM  Biology ‫اﺣﯿﺎء‬ Biology is...

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬ Introduction to Human Biology Lecture 1 1 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة‬ Dr Maryam Shubbar SLIDESMANIA.COM  Biology ‫اﺣﯿﺎء‬ Biology is a natural science that studies the physiology, behaviour and other qualities of life in human. 01 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء وھﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﯾﺪرس ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻻﻋﻀﺎء واﻟﺴﻠﻮك وﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM  ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ‬ Characteristics of Living organism :‫ڪ" اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﰲ ﻋﺪة ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ او وﻇﺎﺋﻒ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions:. ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرة اﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ‬ 1- Order: from atom to organism system. 2-Sensitivity or response to the environment (e.g. detect cold, heat, food, water), For example, plants can bend toward a source of light. ‫اﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ أو اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬-2 SLIDESMANIA.COM ‫ ﻣﺜًﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ‬،(‫ اﳌﺎء‬،‫ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬،‫ اﳊﺮارة‬،‫اﻟﺒﺮد‬.‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت أن ﺗﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻀﻮء‬  3-Reproduction: suite of mechanisms by which they give rise to new organisms. A living thing has the ability to produce copies of itself. ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬-3 ‫ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬.‫ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬ 4- Growth and development: Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes. These genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development, ensuring that a species’ young will grow up to exhibit many of the same characteristics as its parents. ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ وﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﺸﻔﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﳋﻠﻮي‬.‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM ‫ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ أن اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﺘﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫واﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ آﺑﺎؤﻫﻢ‬  5- Regulation: Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stresses. Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism are nutrient transport and blood flow. ‫ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬:‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻻن ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ‬.‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﳌﻐﺬﻳﺎت وﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM  6- Homeostasis: (“steady state”)—the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions..‫ )ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺘﻮازن‬ This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, pH, and appropriate concentration of ،‫وﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮط اﻷداء اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ وﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﻴﺮات‬ diverse chemicals ‫ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬،‫ ودرﺟﺔ اﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬،‫ﻣﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﳉﺴﻢ وﺗﻮازن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬ Examples: the concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium ions, as well as that of the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. < ‫ ﺗﺮاﻛﻴﺰ أﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬:‫ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬،‫واﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم واﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫ وﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﰲ اﻟﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ أو‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬  7- Energy processing (Metabolism): Metabolism involves exchanges of chemical matter with the external environment and extensive transformations of organic matter within the cells of a living organism. Metabolism generally involves the release or use of chemical energy. ‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬:(‫ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )اﻷﻳﺾ‬-7.‫ﺗﺒﺎدﻻت اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳋﺎرﺟﻴﺔ وﲢﻮﻻت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻳﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ إﻃﻼق أو اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ 8- Evolution: Living organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolution. During evolution, changes occur in populations, and the organisms in the population become better able to metabolize, respond, and reproduce. ‫ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬:‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ،‫ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫ واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﰲ‬،‫ﲢﺪث ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﰲ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM.‫واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM  Levels of Organization Levels of organization are structures in nature, usually defined by part-whole relationships, with things at higher levels being composed of things at the next lower level. ‫ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﰲ اﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﰲ اﳌﺴﺘﻮى اﻷدﻧﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ Typical levels of organization include the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal, population, community and biosphere levels (all life on earth.). ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬،‫ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﻀﻮي‬،‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬،‫ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬،‫واﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ اﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ واﶈﻴﻂ اﳊﻴﻮي )ﻛﻞ أﺷﻜﺎل اﳊﻴﺎة‬،‫ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬،‫اﳊﻲ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM.(.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM  Chemistry of Life All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is an atom that make up elements. ‫ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﳌﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ‬،‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪة أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ (‫ أﺻﻐﺮ وﺣﺪة ﰲ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫ واﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬،‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﲔ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﲔ‬.‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺬرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ Main particles that go to make up the atom (or subatomic) are: I. Protons. II. Neutrons. III. Electrons. :‫اﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬرة )أو دون اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ( ﻫﻲ‬.‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت‬:‫أوًﻻ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM.‫ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت‬.‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬.‫ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬.‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things..‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﳌﺎء‬،‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ذرﺗﺎن أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﳉﺰيء‬ Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures..‫ اﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻫﻲ وﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ Typical living thing composed (99.9%) of six elements: C, H, N, O, P, and S. :‫( ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬%99.9) ‫ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﳕﻮذﺟﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬.S‫ و‬،C، H، N، O، P SLIDESMANIA.COM  :‫اﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ Organic Molecules of cells: 1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬ 1. Proteins: Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Examples: Enzymes, Hormones, Transport proteins, Receptors. SLIDESMANIA.COM.‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة وﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوار اﻷدوار اﳊﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ‬:‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬.1.‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﲟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ وﻫﻢ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﳉﺴﻢ ووﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ واﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬.‫ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت‬،‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬،‫ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬،‫ اﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎت‬:‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬  2. Carbohydrates Most abundant types organic molecules..‫ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ وﻓﺮة‬ Function: energy sources & structural components..‫ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ 3. Lipids: Neutral compounds that are not soluble in water..‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﰲ اﳌﺎء‬ ‫ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ Solid at room temperature whereas oils are liquid..‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ Function: energy storage, waterproof coatings. ‫ واﻟﻄﻼءات‬،‫ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬.‫اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ 4. Nucleic Acids Large macromolecules. carry coded genetic information (genes) necessary for making new cells in SLIDESMANIA.COM inheritance (DNA, RNA)..‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬.(DNA، RNA) ‫ ﲢﻤﻞ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ اﳌﺸﻔﺮة )اﳉﻴﻨﺎت( اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة اﳌﻴﺮاث‬  Cells The most basic parts of the human machine are cells— an amazing 100 trillion of them by the time the average person reaches adulthood! ‫ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻳﺼﻞ‬100 !‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ‬ Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the human body, as they are in all living things. Even bacteria, which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. ،‫اﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬.‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM.‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء‬،‫ وﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬،‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬  A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles. ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﳋﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻦ أﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ وﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻠﻮي ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬.‫وﺣﺪات وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎت‬ Each type of cell plays a specific role. For example, nerve cells have long projections that help them carry electrical messages to other cells. Muscle cells have many mitochondria that provide the energy they need to move the body. ‫ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬.‫ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ دوًرا ﻣﺤﺪًدا‬ ‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬.‫اﻹﺳﻘﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻷﺧﺮى‬.‫ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM  Tissue After the cell, the tissue is the next level of organization in the human body. A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function. There are four basic types of human tissues: epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective.‫ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬ tissues..‫ واﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﻫﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 1. Connective tissue is made up of cells that form the body’s structure. Examples include bone and cartilage. ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬-1.‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻐﻀﺎرﻳﻒ‬.‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM Muscle tissue Nervous tissue  2. Epithelial tissue is made up of cells that line inner and outer body surfaces, such as the skin and the lining of the digestive tract. Epithelial tissue protects the body and its internal organs, secretes substances such as hormones, and absorbs substances such as nutrients. ،‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻈﻬﺎري ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻄﻦ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﳋﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬.2 ،‫ ﲢﻤﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ اﳉﺴﻢ وأﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﳉﻠﺪ وﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬.‫ وﲤﺘﺺ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‬،‫وﺗﻔﺮز ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬ 3. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that have the unique ability to contract, or become shorter. Muscles attached to bones enable the body to move. ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺪرة ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﺒﺎض أو‬.3.‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﲤﻜﻦ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫أن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻗﺼﺮ‬ 4. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons, or nerve cells, that carry electrical messages. Nervous tissue makes up the brain and the nerves that connect the brain to all parts of the body. SLIDESMANIA.COM ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﲢﻤﻞ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.4.‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ أﺟﺰاء اﳉﺴﻢ‬  Organs and Organ Systems After tissues, organs are the next level of organization of the human body. An organ is a structure that consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job. Examples of human organs include the brain, heart, lungs, skin, and kidneys. ‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺪ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﳌﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬.‫ وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ واﳉﻠﺪ واﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣًﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a complex overall function. Each organ of the system does part of the larger job. For example, one of the most important functions of organ systems is to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and to remove toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide. A number of organ systems, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, all work together to do this. ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬.‫ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻛﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﳌﻬﻤﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬.‫ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣًﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM ‫ وﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫ إﺣﺪى أﻫﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻫﻲ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ واﳌﻮاد اﳌﻐﺬﻳﺔ وإزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬،‫اﳌﺜﺎل‬ There are 12 organ systems in our body. ،‫ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﺒﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻲ واﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬،‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ أﺟﻬﺰة اﳉﺴﻢ‬.‫ﻣًﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ SLIDESMANIA.COM  Summary Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization..‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﳊﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬ These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level..‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ واﻷﻋﻀﺎء وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﻋﻀﺎء وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ‬ Higher levels of organization are built from lower levels. Therefore, subatomic particles combine to produce atoms, atoms combine to produce molecules, molecules combine to produce macromolecules, macromolecules contribute to the formation of organelles which combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and organ systems combine to form organisms. SLIDESMANIA.COM ‫ وﺗﺘﺤﺪ اﻟﺬرات ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ اﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎت دون اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺬرات‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء اﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫ وﺗﺘﺤﺪ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬،‫ وﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻀﻴﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬،‫ وﺗﺘﺤﺪ اﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‬،‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬.‫ وﺗﺘﺤﺪ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﻋﻀﺎء وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺗﺘﺤﺪ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ أﻋﻀﺎء‬،‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬