Animal Physiology Ch 28 PDF

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 28: Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Ch...

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 28: Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Marine teleosts that live in the ocean where the seawater has an osmotic pressure of 800 mOsm have an osmotic pressure of _______ mOsm. a. 900 b. 800 c. 600 d. 500 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 2. If the osmolarity of freshwater is 100 mOsm, the freshwater animals would regulate their blood to an osmolarity of about _______ mOsm. a. 80 b. 90 c. 100 d. 120 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 3. If the blood osmolarity of a freshwater animal is 100 mOsm, the freshwater osmolarity is about _______ mOsm. a. 90 b. 100 c. 110 d. 120 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 4. All freshwater animals regulate their blood osmotic pressures at levels ________ to fresh water. a. isosmotic b. hyperosmotic © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. hyposmotic d. isotonic Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. Freshwater animals are a. hyperosmotic regulators. b. hyposmotic regulators. c. isosmotic conformers. d. hyperosmotic conformers. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. Which organism has the highest concentration of sodium ions in its plasma? a. Freshwater mussels b. Crayfish c. Brown trout d. Frogs Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Freshwater animals tend to a. lose water and gain ions. b. gain water and ions. c. gain water and lose ions. d. lose water and ions. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. If a crayfish’s antennal gland is damaged, which function is lost? a. Sensation b. Chemical detection c. Defenses d. Chemical consistency Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 9. The antennal gland opens at the base of the a. first antenna. b. second antenna. c. first limb. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. second limb. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 10. The integument of freshwater crayfish is no more than _______ as permeable to water and sodium as the integument of marine decapods of the same size. a. 10% b. 12% c. 15% d. 21% Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 11. Fresh water animals’ integuments have low permeability so that a. ATP production is great enough to maintain normal blood composition. b. the rate of ion exchange is maximized without the expenditure of energy. c. the rate of water exchange is minimized without the expenditure of energy. d. ATP production is great enough to maintain normal intracellular fluid concentration. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 12. Gills in freshwater crayfish provide a(n) a. advantage for oxygen intake but a disadvantage for water intake. b. advantage for oxygen intake and an advantage for water intake. c. disadvantage for oxygen intake and a disadvantage for water intake. d. disadvantage for oxygen intake but an advantage for water intake. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. Which animal has the lowest osmotic U/P ratio? a. Clawed toad b. Goldfish c. Mosquito larva d. Crayfish Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 14. Which organelle is the most important in moving sodium and chloride in freshwater animals? a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Lysosomes Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 15. In frogs, if the sodium concentration in the ambient environment increased, sodium intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by primary active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 16. In frogs, if the chloride concentration in the ambient environment increased, chloride intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 17. Due to chloride active transport in the gills of freshwater fish, the epithelial cells of the gills a. become increasingly negative because chloride ions are negative. b. become increasingly positive because chloride ions are positive. c. are neutral because each chloride ion is exchanged with a sodium ion. d. are neutral because each chloride ion is exchanged with a bicarbonate ion. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18. Due to sodium active transport in gills of freshwater fish, the epithelial cells of the gills a. become increasingly negative because sodium ions are negative. b. become increasingly positive because sodium ions are positive. c. are neutral because each sodium ion is exchanged with a proton. d. are neutral because each sodium ion is exchanged with a chloride ion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 19. The bicarbonate that is pumped out of the gills, from freshwater fish into the water, comes from a. carbon dioxide. b. consumption of food rich in sodium bicarbonate. c. protein metabolism. d. glycolysis. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. Which statement about sodium movement in frogs is true? a. Sodium moves across the skin by energy-requiring mechanisms. b. Sodium movement regulates acid–base levels. c. Sodium movement is directly associated with bicarbonate movement. d. Sodium moves across the skin by energy-requiring mechanisms, and its movement regulates acid–base levels. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 21. Which statement about chloride movement in frogs is false? a. Chloride moves across the skin by energy-requiring mechanisms. b. Chloride movement regulates to acid–base levels. c. Chloride movement is directly associated with bicarbonate movement. d. Chloride movement is directly associated with proton movement. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 22. In adult freshwater fish, the major site of sodium exchange is the a. kidney. b. gill. c. heart. d. skin. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 23. In early freshwater fish larvae, the major site of chloride exchange is the a. kidney. b. gill. c. skin. d. heart. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 24. In adult freshwater teleosts, ion exchange occurs in the a. gill lamellae. b. gill arches. c. gill filaments. d. skin. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 25. Based on the immunohistochemistry method used, the most common proteins found in the cells of gills in freshwater teleosts are a. Na+–K+-ATPases. b. Na+/Cl– cotransporters. c. Na+/Cl–/K+ cotransporters. d. Na+–K+-ATPases and Na+/Cl–/K+ cotransporters. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 26. Which statement about chloride cells is false? a. They produce a lot of carbon dioxide. b. They take up a lot of nutrients, such as glucose and fatty acids. c. They are surrounded by pavement cells. d. They are found in the gills of freshwater fish in greater quantities than pavement cells. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 27. If you were to apply an inhibitor that shuts down the mitochondria, what would occur in the gills of freshwater fish? a. Chloride cells would cease to function. b. Pavement cells would increase in function. c. Sodium uptake would be unaffected. d. Urination would cease. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 28. If a researcher applies BAPTA, a calcium chelator (binds calcium), to the environment of freshwater fish, the a. number of chloride cells in the fish will increase. b. number of chloride cells in the fish will decrease. c. number of chloride cells in the fish will remain the same. d. oxygen uptake ability in the fish will increase. Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 4. Applying 29. MRCs are abundant with Na+–K+-ATPases. In each cell, there are about _______ Na+–K+-ATPase molecules. a. 100,000 b. 1,000,000 c. 10,000,000 d. 100,000,000 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 30. You perform an immunocytochemistry technique on fish MRCs and you observe that the Cl–/HCO3– countertransport protein is expressed in greater quantities than normal. The fish must have been living in a(n) _______ environment. a. acidic b. basic c. pure water d. neutral Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 31. You conduct an experiment in which you make the environment of freshwater fish highly basic. You then isolate the ionocytes and conduct an immunocytochemistry technique. Under these conditions, you would be most likely to observe _______ in Cl– /HCO3– protein expression. a. a drastic increase b. a drastic decrease c. a slight decrease d. no change in Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 32. Which statement best describes the movement of sodium in freshwater fish? a. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2–3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (240 µmole per day). b. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (240 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2–3 µmole per day). c. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2–3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2–3 µmole per day). d. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (100 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (200 µmole per day). Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 33. Freshwater fish lose about _______ µmoles of sodium per day. a. 100 b. 200 c. 240 d. 260 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 34. Squids’ inner body fluid is a. hyposmotic to seawater. b. hyperosmotic to seawater. c. isosmotic to seawater. d. sometimes hyperosmotic and sometimes hyposmotic to seawater. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 35. If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of ________ mOsm. a. 150 b. 200 c. 250 d. 300 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 36. If the sodium concentration in a squid’s body fluid is 456 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular sodium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H2O. a. 5 b. 300 c. 456 d. 1056 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 37. If the potassium concentration in a squid’s body fluid is 22 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular potassium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H2O a. 5 b. 12 c. 22 © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. 400 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 38. The blood osmotic pressure of marine teleosts is about _____ mOsm _____ than the environmental osmotic pressure. a. 300; lower b. 300; higher c. 600; higher d. 600; lower Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 39. Which statement regarding ionic movement across the gills of marine animals is true? a. Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. b. Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. c. Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. d. Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 40. The chloride channels in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts are located on the _______ membrane(s). a. apical b. basolateral c. blood cell d. apical and basolateral Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 41. In mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts, Cl– enters the cell through the a. apical membrane by simple diffusion and exits via the basolateral membrane by secondary active transport. b. basolateral membrane by simple diffusion and exits via the apical membrane by secondary active transport. c. basolateral membrane by secondary active transport and exits via the apical membrane by simple diffusion. d. apical membrane by secondary active transport and exits via the basolateral membrane © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. by simple diffusion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 42. Which animal is not a hyposmotic regulator? a. Arthropod that lives in saline water b. Marine reptile c. Marine mammal d. Marine echinoderm Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 43. Species that are able to survive only within a narrow range of ambient salinities are called a. conformers. b. stenohaline. c. euryhaline. d. xeric. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 44. Animals that leave a saltwater environment to breed in a freshwater environment are known as a. anadromous. b. catadromous. c. anadromous and euryhaline. d. catadromous and stenohaline. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 45. Animals that leave a fresh water environment to breed in a salt water environment are known as a. anadromous. b. catadromous. c. anadromous and stenohaline. d. catadromous and stenohaline. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 46. If you take a freshwater animal and transfer it to seawater for 60 days, what do you expect to see when you perform immunocytochemistry? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae b. Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae c. Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae d. Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 47.–49. Refer to the figure below. 47. How would you categorize the blue crab? a. Hyperosmostic regulator b. Hyper-isosmotic regulator c. Hypo-isosmotic regulator d. Hyperosmotic conformer Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 48. Overall, which animal represented in the graph is the best osmotic regulator? a. Blue crab b. Lined shore crab c. Brine shrimp d. Carp Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 49. Taking into account both numerical scales and shape on both graphs, which line most closely represents that of a Pacific salmon? a. Blue crab b. Carp c. Fiddler crab d. Brine shrimp Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 50. Animals that can live in dry, water poor environments are called a. anadromous. b. xeric. c. catadromus. d. stenohaline. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Responses to Drying of the Habitat in Aquatic Animals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 51. Which substance produces nitrogen waste when catabolized? a. Lipids b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Triglycerides Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 52. Which animal has the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss? a. Screech owl b. Zebra finch c. Budgerigar d. House wren Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 53.–54. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 53. The line represented by I represents a. total evaporative water loss. b. cutaneous water loss. c. respiratory water loss. d. metabolic water production. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 54. The line represented by II represents a. total evaporative water loss. b. cutaneous water loss. c. respiratory water loss. d. metabolic water production. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 55. In terrestrial amphibians, the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the a. anterior pituitary. b. hypothalamus. c. neurohypophysis. d. thyroid. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Case Studies Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 56.–58. Refer to the figure below. 56. What is the greatest contributor to total water loss in this animal? a. Humidity b. Feces c. Urine d. Evaporation Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Case Studies Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 57. Why is preformed water in food not a consistent value? a. Humidity affects the amount of water in the food. b. Increased metabolic rate affects the water absorbed from the food. c. Metabolic water is decreased in deceased humidity. d. Evaporative water loss increases in decreasing humidity. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Case Studies © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 58. Based on the figure, is there a point where this animal is out of water balance? a. No, this animal is constantly in water balance. b. Yes, but only at high humidity. c. Yes, this animal is constantly out of water balance. d. Yes, but only at very low humidity. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Case Studies Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Short Answer 1. List and briefly explain three factors that determine the rate of passive exchange of water and ions. Answer: 1) The magnitudes of the osmotic and ionic gradients between the blood and ambient water; 2) the permeability of an animal’s outer body covering to water and ions; 3) the surface area across which exchange is occurring. Any change (increase or decrease) in these factors, will have an effect on the rate of passive exchange. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. Why is the permeability of a freshwater animal’s integument to water and ions relatively low? Answer: In freshwater animals, evolution selected for this low permeability because it reduces the rates of passive water and ion exchange and thus reduces the energy costs of maintaining a normal blood composition. Low permeability slows the processes that tend to bring the blood and ambient water to equilibrium. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Describe the structure of the gills and explain another role they serve, in addition to being respiratory organs. Answer: The gills of teleost fish carry out two major functions that serve homeostasis. In both freshwater and seawater, the gills function both as ion-regulatory organs and as gas- exchange organs. The gills are the principle sites where Na+ and Cl– are taken up from freshwater. The microscopic structure of the filament consists of a thin, principal lamellar element bearing many folds called the secondary lamellae. The secondary lamellae are highly vascularized, increasing the surface area across which O2 and ions can move inward from the ambient water to the blood. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 4. Explain, in detail, the structure of gills in freshwater fish, from the largest structure to the smallest. Include the function of each structure. Answer: Within the feather of the gill, the microscopic structure of the filament consists of a thin, principal lamellar element supporting many folds known as the secondary lamellae. The secondary lamellae greatly increase the surface area across which O2 can diffuse from the ambient water into the blood. Within the cells of the lamellae there are abundant membrane proteins that are instrumental in ion transport between the blood and ambient water. Ion transport proteins, such as Na+–K+-ATPase and Na+, K+, Cl– cotransporters, are instrumental in maintaining chemical consistency of the blood. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. Explain how immunocytochemistry is used to study ion transport in animals. Answer: Immunocytochemistry, applied to transport proteins, is the principal method currently used to study gill ion-transport functions. Two fluor-labeled antibodies are used: one to bind Na+–K+-ATPase and another to bind the cotransporter protein NKCC-1. A gill filament is exposed to these antibodies, and then the filament is scanned with lasers that excite the fluors. The antibody against Na+–K+-ATPase glows one color, whereas that against NKCC-1 glows another color. An image of the fluorescing gill filament is taken and evaluated. One color indicates where Na+–K+-ATPase is located, and the other indicates where NKCC-1 is located. When both membrane proteins occur in approximately the same location, a third color, resulting from the combination of the two colors, appears. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. What conditions lead to an increase in the number of MRCs in the gills of fish? Answer: The number of MRCs in the gill epithelium of a fish increase in alkalosis (excess blood bicarbonate) conditions and the countertransport protein, Cl– /HCO3–, which exports HCO3– from the body fluids in exchange for Cl–, is upregulated. Low or decreased ambient Ca2+ concentrations also are associated with an increase in the number of MRCs in the gills. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. Why do freshwater fish make dilute urine? Answer: To save energy. When producing dilute urine, the kidneys start with a fluid that is as concentrated as blood plasma and actively extract Na+ and Cl– from it, lowering its ion concentrations. In contrast, the concentrations of Na+ and Cl– in the ambient water are always relatively low. Active uptake of Na+ or Cl– from a relatively concentrated source requires less energy per ion than uptake from a dilute source. Thus, removing ions from urine prior to excretion is less costly than replacing the same ions from the ambient water. Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 8. Explain how teleosts can drink hyperosmotic seawater to replenish water loss by diffusion and excretion. Answer: In several species studied, ingested seawater travels through the esophagus, stomach, and anterior intestine, and Na+, Cl–, and H2O diffuse into the blood across the gut wall. Gradually, the ingested seawater in the gut expands in volume, becoming diluted. Na+ and Cl– are actively transported out of the gut into the blood. This active uptake of Na+ and Cl– into the blood creates conditions that favor the osmotic uptake of water. In other species, a process called near-isosmotic fluid transport occurs, in which the gut fluids and blood plasma remain approximately isosmotic as water moves briskly by osmosis into the blood; in this case, highly localized osmotic gradients within the intestinal epithelium are involved in translating ion uptake into water uptake. Aquaporins in the intestinal epithelia are instrumental in facilitating water uptake from the gut. Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Explain how rate of water loss is correlated with oxygen consumption. Answer: Rate of water loss is correlated with oxygen consumption because of respiratory evaporative water loss. This rate depends on an animal’s rate of O2 consumption and the amount of water lost per unit of O2 the animal consumes. Rate of water loss (mg H2O/hour) = rate of O2 consumption (mL O2/hour)  water loss per unit of O2 consumed (mg H2O/mL O2) An animal’s rate of metabolism is thus a major determinant of its rate of evaporative water loss. The amount of water lost per unit of O2 consumed is affected by the temperature of the exhaled air (lower exhalant temperatures mean lower water loss) and the efficiency of the breathing organs at removing O2 from inhaled air. Textbook Reference: Responses to Drying of the Habitat in Aquatic Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Explain how amphibians compensate for water loss. Answer: Amphibians have an integument that poses little barrier to evaporative water loss. They incorporate waste nitrogen (from their high-protein diet) mostly into urea, a highly soluble compound that requires considerable amounts of water for its excretion. Although amphibians are notably adept at shutting off urine outflow when faced with dehydration, they are unable, when they do excrete urine, to produce urine that is more concentrated than their blood plasma. Most amphibians compensate for this by absorbing water across their skin. Many species can gain water at substantial rates by pressing their pelvic patch against moist soil. The water permeability of the pelvic patch is modulated by upregulating and downregulating aquaporins in the cell membranes. Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Case Studies Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 1. Which organism has the highest concentration of potassium ions in their plasma? a. Freshwater mussels b. Brown trout c. Crayfish d. Frogs Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. Which structure in crayfish is analogous to the kidney? a. Carapace b. Antennal gland c. Antenna d. Heart Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. Which animal has the highest osmotic U/P ratio? a. Clawed toad b. Goldfish c. Crayfish d. Snail Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. Freshwater animals transport sodium into their body from the environment via a. simple diffusion. b. facilitated diffusion. c. passive transport. d. active transport. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. If the sodium concentration in a frog’s environment were to decrease to 0.01 mM, sodium intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 6. If the chloride concentration in a frog’s environment were to decrease to 0.01 mM, chloride intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 7. The excess protons that fish gills pump into the environment are the product of a. carbon dioxide reacting with water. b. protein metabolism. c. catabolism. d. glycolysis. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 8. In adult freshwater fish, chloride exchange with the environment occurs primarily in the a. kidneys. b. heart. c. gills. d. skin. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 9. In adult freshwater teleosts, gas exchange occurs in the a. skin. b. gill arches. c. gill filaments. d. lamellae. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 10. Which organelle is most abundant in chloride cells? a. Golgi apparatus b. Mitochondria c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Ribosomes Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 11. If you were to decrease the calcium concentration in a freshwater fish’s environment, a. the number of its chloride cells would increase. b. the number of its chloride cells would decrease. c. the number of its chloride cells would remain the same. d. its oxygen uptake ability would increase. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 12. Which organism is most hyposmotic to seawater? a. Mussel b. Sea urchin c. Hagfish d. Teleost Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 13. In freshwater teleosts, blood osmotic pressure is _______ mOsm _______ than the osmotic pressure of freshwater. a. 300; lower b. 300; higher c. 600; higher d. 600; lower Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 14. In fish, movement of sodium across the gills depends on a. permeability and concentration gradient. b. permeability, concentration gradient, and electrical gradient. c. concentration gradient and electrical gradient. d. permeability and electrical gradient. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 15. NKCCs in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleost are located a. on the apical membrane. b. on the basolateral membrane. c. on the apical and basal membranes. d. in the cytoplasm and on the apical and basolateral membranes. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 16. In mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts, chloride moves by a. primary active transport, using ATP directly. b. secondary active transport, using ATP directly. c. secondary active transport, using ATP indirectly. d. simple diffusion—no need for ATP. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals in the Ocean Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 17. Species that are able to survive within a broad range of ambient salinity are called a. conformers. b. stenohaline. c. euryhaline. d. xeric. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 18. Animals that ascend rivers from the ocean to breed are a. anadromous. b. catadromus. c. stenohaline. d. osmoconformers. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals That Face Changes in Salinity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 19. Which animal has the lowest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss? a. White-crowned sparrow b. Zebra finch c. Gambel’s quail d. Ostrich Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20.–21. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 20. What is this figure measuring? a. Total evaporative water loss b. Mass-specific metabolic rate c. Urine osmotic pressure d. Metabolic water production Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 21. Where would you plot a goose on this figure? a. Far below the black line, at the average weight of a goose b. On the black line directly above the beaver c. Close to the Kirk’s dik-dik d. On the black line directly below Kirk’s dik-dik Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Fundamental Physiological Principles Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 22. In an experiment in which additional aquaporins are inserted onto the pelvic patch membrane of a frog, what is most likely to occur? a. Water permeability will remain the same. b. Water permeability will decrease. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. Water permeability will increase. d. Salt permeability will increase. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals on Land: Case Studies Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.