Hill Ch 28: Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments
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Questions and Answers

Marine teleosts that live in the ocean where the seawater has an osmotic pressure of 800 mOsm have an osmotic pressure of ______ mOsm.

  • 500 (correct)
  • 800
  • 600
  • 900

    • If the osmolarity of freshwater is 100 mOsm, the freshwater animals would regulate their blood to an osmolarity of about ______ mOsm.

  • 120 (correct)
  • 100
  • 90
  • 80

    • If the blood osmolarity of a freshwater animal is 100 mOsm, the freshwater osmolarity is about ______ mOsm.

  • 100
  • 90 (correct)
  • 110
  • 120

    • All freshwater animals regulate their blood osmotic pressures at levels ______ to fresh water.

    <p>hyperosmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freshwater animals are ______.

    <p>hyperosmotic regulators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism has the highest concentration of sodium ions in its plasma?

    <p>Crayfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freshwater animals tend to ______.

    <p>gain water and lose ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a crayfish's antennal gland is damaged, which function is lost?

    <p>Chemical consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antennal gland opens at the base of the ______.

    <p>second antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integument of freshwater crayfish is no more than ______ as permeable to water and sodium as the integument of marine decapods of the same size.

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fresh water animals' integuments have low permeability so that ______.

    <p>the rate of water exchange is minimized without the expenditure of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gills in freshwater crayfish provide a(n) ______.

    <p>advantage for oxygen intake but a disadvantage for water intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal has the lowest osmotic U/P ratio?

    <p>Crayfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is the most important in moving sodium and chloride in freshwater animals?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In frogs, if the sodium concentration in the ambient environment increased, sodium intake from the environment would ______.

    <p>continue to occur by primary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In frogs, if the chloride concentration in the ambient environment increased, chloride intake from the environment would ______.

    <p>continue to occur by active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to chloride active transport in the gills of freshwater fish, the epithelial cells of the gills ______.

    <p>are neutral because each chloride ion is exchanged with a bicarbonate ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to sodium active transport in gills of freshwater fish, the epithelial cells of the gills ______.

    <p>are neutral because each sodium ion is exchanged with a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bicarbonate that is pumped of the gills, from freshwater fish into the water, comes from ______.

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about sodium movement in frogs is true?

    <p>Sodium moves across the skin by energy-requiring mechanisms, and its movement regulates acid-base levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chloride movement in frogs is false?

    <p>Chloride movement is directly associated with proton movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adult freshwater fish, the major site of sodium exchange is the ______.

    <p>gill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In early freshwater fish larvae, the major site of chloride exchange is the ______.

    <p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adult freshwater teleosts, ion exchange occurs in the ______.

    <p>gill lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the immunohistochemistry method used, the most common proteins found in the cells of gills in freshwater teleosts are ______.

    <p>Na+-K+-ATPases and Na+/Cl¯/K+ cotransporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chloride cells is false?

    <p>They are found in the gills of freshwater fish in greater quantities than pavement cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you were to apply an inhibitor that shuts down the mitochondria, what would occur in the gills of freshwater fish?

    <p>Chloride cells would cease to function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher applies BAPTA, a calcium chelator (binds calcium), to the environment of freshwater fish, the ______.

    <p>number of chloride cells in the fish will increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRCs are abundant with Na⁺–K+-ATPases. In each cell, there are about ______ Na+-K+-ATPase molecules.

    <p>100,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You perform an immunocytochemistry technique on fish MRCs and you observe that the Cl¯/HCO3¯ countertransport protein is expressed in greater quantities than normal. The fish must have been living in a(n) ______ environment.

    <p>basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You conduct an experiment in which you make the environment of freshwater fish highly basic. You then isolate the ionocytes and conduct an immunocytochemistry technique. Under these conditions, you would be most likely to observe ______ in Cl- /HCO3 protein expression.

    <p>a drastic increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the movement of sodium in freshwater fish?

    <p>Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2–3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (240 µmole per day).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freshwater fish lose about ______ µmoles of sodium per day.

    <p>240</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squids' inner body fluid is ______ to seawater.

    <p>isosmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of ______ mOsm.

    <p>300</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the sodium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 456 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular sodium concentration is ______ mmol/kg of H2O.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the potassium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 22 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular potassium concentration is ______ mmol/kg of H2O.

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood osmotic pressure of marine teleosts is about ______ mOsm ______ than the environmental osmotic pressure.

    <p>600; higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding ionic movement across the gills of marine animals is true?

    <p>Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chloride channels in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts are located on the ______ membrane(s).

    <p>apical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts, Cl¯ enters the cell through the ______.

    <p>basolateral membrane by secondary active transport and exits via the apical membrane by simple diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is not a hyposmotic regulator?

    <p>Marine echinoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Species that are able to survive only within a narrow range of ambient salinities are called ______.

    <p>stenohaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals that leave a saltwater environment to breed in a freshwater environment are known as ______.

    <p>anadromous and euryhaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals that leave a fresh water environment to breed in a salt water environment are known as ______.

    <p>catadromous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you take a freshwater animal and transfer it to seawater for 60 days, what do you expect to see when you perform immunocytochemistry?

    <p>Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you categorize the blue crab?

    <p>Hyper-isosmotic regulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overall, which animal represented in the graph is the best osmotic regulator?

    <p>Brine shrimp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taking into account both numerical scales and shape on both graphs, which line most closely represents that of a Pacific salmon?

    <p>Brine shrimp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals that can live in dry, water poor environments are called ______.

    <p>xeric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance produces nitrogen waste when catabolized?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal has the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss?

    <p>House wren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The line represented by I represents ______.

    <p>total evaporative water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terrestrial amphibians, the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the ______.

    <p>neurohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greatest contributor to total water loss in this animal?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is preformed water in food not a consistent value?

    <p>Humidity affects the amount of water in the food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the figure, is there a point where this animal is out of water balance?

    <p>Yes, but only at very low humidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism has the highest concentration of potassium ions in their plasma?

    <p>Brown trout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in crayfish is analogous to the kidney?

    <p>Antennal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The line represented by II represents

    <p>metabolic water production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Multiple Choice Questions

    • Question 1: Marine teleosts living in seawater (800 mOsm) have an osmotic pressure of 500 mOsm.

    • Question 2: Freshwater animals regulate their blood osmolarity to approximately 120 mOsm, given freshwater osmolarity of 100 mOsm.

    • Question 3: Freshwater animals maintain blood osmolarity at a level that is hyposmotic to the surrounding water.

    • Question 4: Freshwater animals regulate blood osmotic pressure to a level that is hyposmotic to the surrounding water.

    • Question 5: Freshwater animals' osmotic regulation involves being hyperosmotic regulators.

    • Question 6: Freshwater mussels, crayfish, brown trout, and frogs have varying concentrations of sodium ions in their plasma. Crayfish have the highest.

    • Question 7: Freshwater animals tend to gain water and lose ions (or lose water and gain ions).

    • Question 8: Damage to a crayfish's antennal gland results in loss of chemical consistency.

    • Question 9: The antennal gland opens at the base of the second antenna.

    • Question 10: Freshwater crayfish integument is less permeable to water and sodium, about 10%, than the integument of marine decapods of similar size.

    • Question 11: Fresh water animals' integuments have low permeability to maintain water and ion balance without expending much energy.

    • Question 12: Gills in freshwater crayfish provide an advantage for oxygen intake but a disadvantage for water intake. The advantage will be oxygen intake and the disadvantage will be for water uptake.

    • Question 13: Crayfish have the lowest osmotic U/P ratio.

    • Question 14: Mitochondria is the most important organelle in moving sodium and chloride in freshwater animals.

    • Question 15: Sodium intake from environment in frogs will continue if sodium concentration in the environment increases, and will cease if it decreases. This intake happens via primary active transport.

    • Question 16: Similar to question 15, if chloride concentration in the environment increases, chloride intake from the environment will continue to occur by active transport.

    • Question 17: The epithelial cells of gills in freshwater fish become increasingly negative because chloride ions are negative, due to Cl chloride active transport.

    • Question 18: The epithelial cells of gills in freshwater fish become increasingly positive due to sodium ions being positive, due to sodium active transport.

    • Question 19: Bicarbonate pumped from gills in freshwater fish into the water comes from carbon dioxide.

    • Question 20: Sodium movement in frogs involves energy-requiring mechanisms across the skin, and its movement regulates acid–base levels.

    • Question 21: Chloride movement in frogs does not involve proton movement.

    • Question 22: The major site of sodium exchange in adult freshwater fish is the gills.

    • Question 23: The major site of chloride exchange in early freshwater fish larvae is the skin.

    • Question 24: Ion exchange in adult freshwater teleosts occurs in gill lamellae.

    • Question 25: The most common proteins found in the gills of freshwater teleosts are Na+-K+-ATPases and Na+/Cl¯/K+ cotransporters.

    • Question 26: Chloride cells are not responsible for producing carbon dioxide.

    • Question 27: Inhibiting mitochondria in the gills of freshwater fish would result in chloride cells ceasing to function.

    • Question 28: Increasing calcium chelators (like BAPTA) in the freshwater fish environment will increase chloride cells.

    • Question 29: There are approximately 100,000,000 Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase molecules in each MRC.

    • Question 30: Increased Cl¯/HCO3¯ countertransport protein expression in fish MRCs indicates a basic environment.

    • Question 31: If the freshwater fish environment is highly basic, Cl¯/HCO3- protein expression will increase dramatically.

    • Question 32: Sodium in freshwater fish is lost via excretion (2-3 µmoles per day) in urine and diffusion (240 µmoles per day) across the body.

    • Question 33: Freshwater fish lose approximately 240 µmoles of sodium per day.

    • Question 34: Squid's inner body fluid is isosmotic to seawater.

    • Question 35: If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of 300 mOsm.

    • Question 36: If sodium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 456 mmol/kg of H₂O, the intracellular sodium concentration is 5 mmol/kg of H₂O.

    • Question 37: If the potassium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 22 mmol/kg of H₂O, the intracellular potassium concentration is 12 mmol/kg of H₂O.

    • Question 38: Blood osmotic pressure in marine teleosts is lower than the environmental osmotic pressure by approximately 600 mOsm.

    • Question 39: Sodium moves faster than chloride across marine gills due to the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium.

    • Question 40: Chloride channels in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts are located on apical membrane(s).

    • Question 41: Chloride enters the cell in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts through the apical membrane by simple diffusion and exits via the basolateral membrane through secondary active transport.

    • Question 42: Marine echinoderms are not hyposmotic regulators.

    • Question 43: Stenohaline species can only survive under specific salinity ranges.

    • Question 44: Anadromous animals leave saltwater to breed in freshwater environments.

    • Question 45: Catadromous animals leave freshwater and breed in saltwater environments.

    • Question 46: Immunocytochemistry would show an increased aquaporin expression and increased NKCC expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae if a freshwater animal is transferred to saltwater for 60 days.

    • Question 47: The blue crab is a hyperosmotic regulator.

    • Question 48: Brine shrimp is the best osmotic regulator according to the graph.

    • Question 49: Brine shrimp is the species that best mirrors the profile of a Pacific salmon if taking into account the numerical scales and shape of the graphs, and this is closely depicted by the graph line.

    • Question 50: Xeric animals can survive in dry, water-poor environments.

    • Question 51: Proteins are the substances that produce nitrogen waste when catabolized.

    • Question 52: House wrens have the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss.

    • Question 53: The line "I" represents total evaporative water loss.

    • Question 54: The line "II" represents metabolic water production in animals.

    • Question 55: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the neurohypophysis in terrestrial amphibians.

    • Question 56: Evaporation contributes most to total water loss in the presented animal.

    • Question 57: Preformed water in food is not a consistent value because humidity affects the water content in the food.

    • Question 58: The animal is out of water balance at low humidity.

    • Question 59: Factors determining rate of passive exchange of water and ions include osmotic and ionic gradients between blood and surrounding water, the permeability of the covering to water and ions, and the area across which the exchanges happen.

    • Question 60: Permeability of freshwater animal integuments is relatively low to reduce passive exchange rates for water and ions and save energy for maintaining normal blood composition.

    • Question 61: Gills have a structure of secondary lamellae that vastly expands the surface area for oxygen diffusion and ion transport.

    • Question 62: Immunocytochemistry is used by labeling antibodies with fluors to identify the locations of ion transport proteins in gill filaments; when a laser excites the fluors, images can locate proteins like Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase and cotransporter NKCC-1.

    • Question 63: Increasing environmental bicarbonate (alkalosis) results in a higher number of mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) in fish gills.

    • Question 64: Freshwater fish produce dilute urine to save energy by taking up ions effectively from more concentrated substances in the water.

    • Question 65: To replenish water loss via diffusion and excretion, teleosts drink hyperosmotic seawater; water moves into the blood through osmosis due to ionic gradient created by the active transport of sodium and chloride.

    • Question 66: Rate of water loss correlates with oxygen consumption due to respiratory evaporative water loss, depending on the animal's O² consumption rate and how much water is lost per O2 consumed.

    • Question 67: Amphibians compensate for water loss by using urea for nitrogenous waste to require less water and by absorbing substantial amounts of water across their skin, as well as moderating water loss through behavioral adaptation.

    • Question 68: The species that can survive in a wide range of ambient salinity are called euryhaline.

    • Question 69: Animals ascending rivers from the ocean to breed are anadromous.

    • Question 70: The graph shows evaporative water loss in relationship to the body weight of different animals.

    • Question 71: The line in the graph showing the relationship between evaporative water loss and body weight shows that water permeability decreases in response to increasing the concentration of aquaporins in the pelvic membrane of a frog.

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