Burgess Ch 18 Immune System lecture student slides
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Questions and Answers

Which laboratory test is specifically used for antibody differentiation in diagnosing immune responses?

  • Nucleic acid test
  • Immunoglobulin assay
  • Antigen-Antibody combination immunoassay (correct)
  • Complement assay

What therapeutic measure is primarily focused on identifying and avoiding allergens?

  • Immunotherapy (correct)
  • Medication administration
  • Allergy testing
  • Surgical Management

Which diagnostic procedure is most invasive and used for testing tissue-related conditions?

  • Gene testing
  • Skin testing
  • Antigen testing
  • Biopsy (correct)

What type of medication is NOT typically classified as a corticosteroid?

<p>Antihistamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the complete blood count (CBC) with differential?

<p>Antinuclear Antibody (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune response?

<p>To label antigens for destruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves the production of memory cells after an infection?

<p>Active Immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes T cells from B cells in terms of their function?

<p>T cells perform direct attacks on infected cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is primarily involved in allergic responses?

<p>IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do natural killer cells contribute to the immune response?

<p>By directly lysing infected or mutated cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the first exposure to an antigen in terms of antibody production?

<p>Antibodies are produced slowly while memory cells accumulate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of passive immunity?

<p>Antibodies passed through breast milk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the complement cascade in the immune system?

<p>To lyse cells and attract phagocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used to assess the presence of inflammatory processes in the body?

<p>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gene testing as a diagnostic procedure?

<p>To map genetic disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is specifically used for managing severe allergic reactions?

<p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of therapeutic measures, which of the following is specifically associated with testing for immune deficiencies?

<p>CD4 and CD8 assays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of splenectomy in therapeutic measures?

<p>To control symptoms of certain conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism of action of cytotoxic T cells?

<p>They directly attack infected or mutated cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the humoral immunity response, what role do B cells play?

<p>They differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the second exposure to an antigen in terms of immune response?

<p>Memory cells rapidly act to produce antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?

<p>To label antigens for destruction by immune cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is characterized by the body's own production of antibodies?

<p>Active immunity through natural infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibodies is primarily involved in neutralizing viruses and preventing them from entering cells?

<p>IgA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of natural killer cells in the immune system?

<p>They patrol and induce cytolysis in foreign or transformed cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?

<p>Active immunity results from direct exposure to pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic procedure is most commonly used for mapping genetic disorders?

<p>Gene testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of laboratory test utilizes a combination immunoassay for diagnosis?

<p>Antigen-Antibody test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic measure is primarily aimed at replacing abnormal or missing genes?

<p>Recombinant DNA technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is NOT typically classified as an antiviral?

<p>Corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of therapeutic measures, which combination of treatments is used for severe allergic reactions?

<p>Epi pen and corticosteroids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?

<p>Directly attacking infected or mutated cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is specifically involved in allergic reactions?

<p>IgE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity is effective against intracellular pathogens, while humoral immunity is effective against extracellular pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?

<p>They bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by immune cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity results from the administration of a vaccine?

<p>Active immunity from artificial sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?

<p>Plasma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows memory T cells to respond more quickly during a second exposure to an antigen?

<p>Rapid cell division and differentiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of antigen recognition, how do natural killer cells differ from T cells?

<p>Natural killer cells recognize stressed cells in the absence of antibodies or MHC, while T cells require antigen presentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test specifically combines antigen-antibody elements for diagnostic purposes?

<p>Combination immunoassay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic measure involves the use of epinephrine and antihistamines?

<p>Immunotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic procedures is primarily used to evaluate malignant conditions such as cancers and leukemia?

<p>Biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is primarily indicated for managing a severe allergic reaction?

<p>Epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core purpose of recombinant DNA technology in therapeutic measures?

<p>Replacing or correcting genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the direct attack on infected or mutated cells?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do antibodies use to label foreign antigens for destruction?

<p>Immobilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity results in the production of memory cells following natural infection?

<p>Natural Active Immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasma cells primarily play in the immune response?

<p>Produce antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in neutralizing pathogens and is the most abundant in the bloodstream?

<p>IgG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ do T cells mature before becoming functionally active?

<p>Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from mother to child through breast milk?

<p>Natural Passive Immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is primarily effective against extracellular pathogens?

<p>Humoral Immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immunity

The ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and prevent further occurrences of infections.

Antigen

Chemical markers that identify cells as either 'self' (like HLA) or 'foreign', prompting the body to defend against the foreign ones.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells crucial for the immune response, including natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

An immune response targeting intracellular pathogens (inside cells), using T cells to directly attack infected cells.

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Humoral Immunity

An immune response that targets extracellular pathogens (outside cells) by producing antibodies to neutralize them.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by plasma cells (activated B cells) that bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction.

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Active Immunity

Immunity gained when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination.

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Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity gained by receiving antibodies from another source, like through breast milk or an injection.

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Hepatitis B Exposure

Exposure to Hepatitis B virus, which can lead to infection.

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Assessment & Data Collection

Gathering patient information including subjective (e.g., medical history, allergies) and objective (e.g., physical exam) data.

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Laboratory Tests

Blood tests (e.g. CBC) and other procedures to diagnose and monitor conditions, often with Antigen-Antibody combinations.

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Diagnostic Procedures

Methods like gene testing, biopsy, or skin tests to gain deeper insights into a patient's condition.

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Therapeutic Measures

Treatment approaches for various conditions, such as allergies and infections. Includes medications and possibly surgery.

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Hepatitis B Exposure

Contact with the Hepatitis B virus, potentially leading to infection.

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Assessment & Data Collection

Gathering patient info (history, allergies, physical exam) to understand a condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests and other procedures to diagnose and monitor health, often combining antigens and antibodies for analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diagnostic Procedures

Methods like gene testing, biopsies, or skin tests to examine conditions in greater detail.

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Therapeutic Measures

Treatment approaches for various health conditions, utilizing medications and potentially surgery.

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Immune System

The body's defense mechanism against pathogens, preventing disease.

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Antigens

Molecules that trigger an immune response.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells that are key players in the immune response.

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Cell-mediated immunity

Immune response targeting infected cells.

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Humoral immunity

Immune response using antibodies to target pathogens.

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Antibodies

Proteins that bind to antigens, marking them for destruction.

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Active Immunity

Immunity resulting from the body's own antibody production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity from receiving antibodies from another source.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune System

The body's defense mechanism against pathogens, preventing disease

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen

A molecule that triggers an immune response

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocyte

White blood cell crucial for the immune response

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell-mediated immunity

Immune response targeting infected cells

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humoral immunity

Immune response using antibodies to target pathogens

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibody

Protein that binds to antigens, marking them for destruction

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Immunity

Immunity resulting from the body's own antibody production

Signup and view all the flashcards

Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity from receiving antibodies from another source

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatitis B Exposure

Contact with the Hepatitis B virus, which can lead to infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Assessment & Data Collection

Gathering patient information, including medical history, allergies, and physical exam findings, to understand a condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests and other procedures to diagnose and monitor health, often using combinations of antigens and antibodies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diagnostic Procedures

Methods like gene testing, biopsies, or skin tests used to examine conditions in greater detail.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Therapeutic Measures

Treatment approaches for various conditions, such as allergies and infections, using medications and potentially surgery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune System

The body's defense mechanism against pathogens and foreign substances, preventing diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen

A molecule that triggers an immune response, often a foreign substance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell that plays a vital role in the immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell-mediated immunity

An immune response that targets infected or abnormal cells directly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humoral immunity

An immune response that utilizes antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibody

A protein produced by B cells that targets and neutralizes specific antigens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to an antigen or vaccination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from another source.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatitis B Exposure

Contact with the Hepatitis B virus, potentially causing infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Assessment & Data Collection

Gathering patient information (history, allergies, exam) to understand a condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests and procedures for diagnosis and monitoring, often using antigens/antibodies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diagnostic Procedures

Methods (gene testing, biopsies, skin testing) for detailed condition examination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Therapeutic Measures

Treatment options (medications, surgery) for various conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Immunity

  • Ability to destroy pathogens or foreign material
  • Prevents further cases of infectious disease

A&P Review - Immune System

  • Lymphoid organs and tissues
  • Lymphocytes and other WBCs
  • Chemicals activate cells to destroy foreign cells

Lymphatic System

  • Lymphatic vessels return lymph to circulatory system
  • Lymph nodes
  • Nodules
  • Spleen
  • Red bone marrow
  • Thymus

Antigens

  • Chemical markers identify cells
  • Mark own cells as "self" (HLA)
  • Foreign antigens are destroyed

Lymphocytes

  • Natural killer cells
    • Patrol and destroy foreign, mutated, or infected cells (cytolysis)
  • T cells
    • Arise in red bone marrow, mature in thymus
    • Direct attack
  • B cells
    • Arise and mature in red bone marrow
    • Indirect attack
    • Differentiate into plasma cells releasing antibodies

Antibodies

  • Glycoproteins produced by plasma cells (B cells) in response to foreign antigens
  • Also called Immunoglobulins (Ig)
  • Specific to one antigen
  • Attach to antigens to label for destruction
  • 5 Classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Mechanisms of Immunity

Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • Effective against intracellular pathogens
  • Cytotoxic T cells attack
  • Helper T cells assist
  • Memory T cells remember

Humoral Immunity

  • Effective against extracellular pathogens (bacteria, viruses)
  • Antibody production
  • B cells = plasma cells = antibodies
  • Antigen-antibody complex immobilizes antigen for destruction (macrophages or neutrophils)
  • Complement cascade – protein cascade to lyse cells and attract macrophages

Cell Mediated Immunity (detailed)

  • Immune process starts with a phagocyte ingesting an antigen (macrophage, reticular cell, or B cell)
  • The phagocyte (APC) displays antigen fragments on its surface (antigen presentation)
  • A T cell spots the foreign antigen and binds to it
  • This activates the T cell, which divides to form clones (identical T cells sensitized to the antigen)
  • Some become effector cells (cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells) to carry out the attack, others are memory T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells bind to the antigen surface and deliver toxic chemicals to kill it
  • Helper T cells secrete interleukin to attract neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages

Humoral Immunity (detailed)

  • B cell surface has receptors for a specific antigen
  • Antigen binds to B cell, the B cell engulfs the antigen and displays fragments
  • Helper T cell binds to displayed antigen and releases interleukins, activating the B cell
  • This activates B cell division creating clones with the same antigen-programmed responses
  • Some of these cloned B cells become effector B cells (plasma cells) or memory B cells
  • Plasma cells secrete large numbers of antibodies to stop antigens

Antibody Response

  • First exposure: antibodies produced slowly, memory cells accumulate
  • Second exposure: memory cells rapidly respond and produce antibodies
  • Vaccines
    • Neutralize viruses, preventing them from entering cells and replicating
  • Allergic responses: IgE antibodies bind to allergens, causing histamine release

Types of Immunity

Passive

  • Antibodies obtained from sources other than self
  • Placental or breast milk transmission
  • Injection (artificial)
  • Example: Hepatitis B exposure
  • Always temporary

Active

  • Antibodies produced by the person
  • Memory cells after infection
  • Vaccines (artificial)
  • Some are lifelong, some are temporary

Aging Immune System

  • Less efficient immune responses
  • Increased perception of body's tissue as foreign
  • Malignant cells not destroyed as quickly
  • Increased infections, especially secondary infections
  • Increased autoimmune disorders
  • Increased cancer incidence

Assessment & Data Collection

Subjective

  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Allergies
  • Surgical history

Objective

  • Head-to-toe assessment
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Enlarged spleen

Laboratory Tests

  • CBC with differential
  • ESR
  • Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
  • Antinuclear Antibody
  • Complement (total, C3, C4)
  • CRP
  • Immunoglobulin assay (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)
  • Antigen-Antibody combination immunoassay
  • Antibody differentiation immunoassay
  • Nucleic acid test
  • HIV
  • Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
  • CD4
  • CD8

Diagnostic Procedures

  • Gene testing (oral/nasal swab)
  • Map genetic disorders
  • Biopsy (tissue testing)
  • Cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, transplant rejection
  • Skin testing (Candida, tetanus, TB, specific allergens)

Therapeutic Measures

Allergies

  • Identification and avoidance
  • Epi pen and antihistamines
  • Immunotherapy (SCIT, SLIT)

Medications

  • Antibiotics, antihistamines, antivirals, corticosteroids, decongestants, epinephrine, histamine blockers, hormone therapy, immunosuppressants, interferon, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers

Surgical Management

  • Splenectomy to control symptoms
  • Monoclonal antibodies

Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Replace abnormal or missing genes with normal genes
  • T lymphocyte gene transfer
  • Stem cell injection

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Description

Test your knowledge on the immune system with this quiz covering lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, and the role of antibodies. Explore how the body identifies and destroys foreign pathogens and the functions of various immune cells. Assess your understanding of key concepts in immunology.

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