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Questions and Answers
Which laboratory test is specifically used for antibody differentiation in diagnosing immune responses?
Which laboratory test is specifically used for antibody differentiation in diagnosing immune responses?
What therapeutic measure is primarily focused on identifying and avoiding allergens?
What therapeutic measure is primarily focused on identifying and avoiding allergens?
Which diagnostic procedure is most invasive and used for testing tissue-related conditions?
Which diagnostic procedure is most invasive and used for testing tissue-related conditions?
What type of medication is NOT typically classified as a corticosteroid?
What type of medication is NOT typically classified as a corticosteroid?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the complete blood count (CBC) with differential?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the complete blood count (CBC) with differential?
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What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune response?
What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune response?
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Which type of immunity involves the production of memory cells after an infection?
Which type of immunity involves the production of memory cells after an infection?
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What distinguishes T cells from B cells in terms of their function?
What distinguishes T cells from B cells in terms of their function?
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Which class of antibody is primarily involved in allergic responses?
Which class of antibody is primarily involved in allergic responses?
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How do natural killer cells contribute to the immune response?
How do natural killer cells contribute to the immune response?
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What occurs during the first exposure to an antigen in terms of antibody production?
What occurs during the first exposure to an antigen in terms of antibody production?
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What is an example of passive immunity?
What is an example of passive immunity?
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What is the primary function of the complement cascade in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the complement cascade in the immune system?
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Which laboratory test is used to assess the presence of inflammatory processes in the body?
Which laboratory test is used to assess the presence of inflammatory processes in the body?
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What is the main purpose of gene testing as a diagnostic procedure?
What is the main purpose of gene testing as a diagnostic procedure?
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Which of the following medications is specifically used for managing severe allergic reactions?
Which of the following medications is specifically used for managing severe allergic reactions?
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In the context of therapeutic measures, which of the following is specifically associated with testing for immune deficiencies?
In the context of therapeutic measures, which of the following is specifically associated with testing for immune deficiencies?
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What is the primary role of splenectomy in therapeutic measures?
What is the primary role of splenectomy in therapeutic measures?
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Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism of action of cytotoxic T cells?
Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism of action of cytotoxic T cells?
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In the humoral immunity response, what role do B cells play?
In the humoral immunity response, what role do B cells play?
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What characterizes the second exposure to an antigen in terms of immune response?
What characterizes the second exposure to an antigen in terms of immune response?
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What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by the body's own production of antibodies?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the body's own production of antibodies?
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Which class of antibodies is primarily involved in neutralizing viruses and preventing them from entering cells?
Which class of antibodies is primarily involved in neutralizing viruses and preventing them from entering cells?
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What best describes the role of natural killer cells in the immune system?
What best describes the role of natural killer cells in the immune system?
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What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?
What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?
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Which diagnostic procedure is most commonly used for mapping genetic disorders?
Which diagnostic procedure is most commonly used for mapping genetic disorders?
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What type of laboratory test utilizes a combination immunoassay for diagnosis?
What type of laboratory test utilizes a combination immunoassay for diagnosis?
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Which therapeutic measure is primarily aimed at replacing abnormal or missing genes?
Which therapeutic measure is primarily aimed at replacing abnormal or missing genes?
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Which medication class is NOT typically classified as an antiviral?
Which medication class is NOT typically classified as an antiviral?
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In the context of therapeutic measures, which combination of treatments is used for severe allergic reactions?
In the context of therapeutic measures, which combination of treatments is used for severe allergic reactions?
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What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?
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Which class of antibody is specifically involved in allergic reactions?
Which class of antibody is specifically involved in allergic reactions?
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What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity?
What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity?
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Which statement best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?
Which statement best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?
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What type of immunity results from the administration of a vaccine?
What type of immunity results from the administration of a vaccine?
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Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?
Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?
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What mechanism allows memory T cells to respond more quickly during a second exposure to an antigen?
What mechanism allows memory T cells to respond more quickly during a second exposure to an antigen?
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In terms of antigen recognition, how do natural killer cells differ from T cells?
In terms of antigen recognition, how do natural killer cells differ from T cells?
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Which laboratory test specifically combines antigen-antibody elements for diagnostic purposes?
Which laboratory test specifically combines antigen-antibody elements for diagnostic purposes?
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What therapeutic measure involves the use of epinephrine and antihistamines?
What therapeutic measure involves the use of epinephrine and antihistamines?
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Which of the following diagnostic procedures is primarily used to evaluate malignant conditions such as cancers and leukemia?
Which of the following diagnostic procedures is primarily used to evaluate malignant conditions such as cancers and leukemia?
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What type of medication is primarily indicated for managing a severe allergic reaction?
What type of medication is primarily indicated for managing a severe allergic reaction?
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What is the core purpose of recombinant DNA technology in therapeutic measures?
What is the core purpose of recombinant DNA technology in therapeutic measures?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the direct attack on infected or mutated cells?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the direct attack on infected or mutated cells?
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What mechanism do antibodies use to label foreign antigens for destruction?
What mechanism do antibodies use to label foreign antigens for destruction?
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Which type of immunity results in the production of memory cells following natural infection?
Which type of immunity results in the production of memory cells following natural infection?
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What role do plasma cells primarily play in the immune response?
What role do plasma cells primarily play in the immune response?
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Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in neutralizing pathogens and is the most abundant in the bloodstream?
Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in neutralizing pathogens and is the most abundant in the bloodstream?
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In which organ do T cells mature before becoming functionally active?
In which organ do T cells mature before becoming functionally active?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from mother to child through breast milk?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from mother to child through breast milk?
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Which type of immune response is primarily effective against extracellular pathogens?
Which type of immune response is primarily effective against extracellular pathogens?
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Study Notes
Immunity
- Ability to destroy pathogens or foreign material
- Prevents further cases of infectious disease
A&P Review - Immune System
- Lymphoid organs and tissues
- Lymphocytes and other WBCs
- Chemicals activate cells to destroy foreign cells
Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic vessels return lymph to circulatory system
- Lymph nodes
- Nodules
- Spleen
- Red bone marrow
- Thymus
Antigens
- Chemical markers identify cells
- Mark own cells as "self" (HLA)
- Foreign antigens are destroyed
Lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
- Patrol and destroy foreign, mutated, or infected cells (cytolysis)
- T cells
- Arise in red bone marrow, mature in thymus
- Direct attack
- B cells
- Arise and mature in red bone marrow
- Indirect attack
- Differentiate into plasma cells releasing antibodies
Antibodies
- Glycoproteins produced by plasma cells (B cells) in response to foreign antigens
- Also called Immunoglobulins (Ig)
- Specific to one antigen
- Attach to antigens to label for destruction
- 5 Classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
Mechanisms of Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Effective against intracellular pathogens
- Cytotoxic T cells attack
- Helper T cells assist
- Memory T cells remember
Humoral Immunity
- Effective against extracellular pathogens (bacteria, viruses)
- Antibody production
- B cells = plasma cells = antibodies
- Antigen-antibody complex immobilizes antigen for destruction (macrophages or neutrophils)
- Complement cascade – protein cascade to lyse cells and attract macrophages
Cell Mediated Immunity (detailed)
- Immune process starts with a phagocyte ingesting an antigen (macrophage, reticular cell, or B cell)
- The phagocyte (APC) displays antigen fragments on its surface (antigen presentation)
- A T cell spots the foreign antigen and binds to it
- This activates the T cell, which divides to form clones (identical T cells sensitized to the antigen)
- Some become effector cells (cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells) to carry out the attack, others are memory T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells bind to the antigen surface and deliver toxic chemicals to kill it
- Helper T cells secrete interleukin to attract neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages
Humoral Immunity (detailed)
- B cell surface has receptors for a specific antigen
- Antigen binds to B cell, the B cell engulfs the antigen and displays fragments
- Helper T cell binds to displayed antigen and releases interleukins, activating the B cell
- This activates B cell division creating clones with the same antigen-programmed responses
- Some of these cloned B cells become effector B cells (plasma cells) or memory B cells
- Plasma cells secrete large numbers of antibodies to stop antigens
Antibody Response
- First exposure: antibodies produced slowly, memory cells accumulate
- Second exposure: memory cells rapidly respond and produce antibodies
- Vaccines
- Neutralize viruses, preventing them from entering cells and replicating
- Allergic responses: IgE antibodies bind to allergens, causing histamine release
Types of Immunity
Passive
- Antibodies obtained from sources other than self
- Placental or breast milk transmission
- Injection (artificial)
- Example: Hepatitis B exposure
- Always temporary
Active
- Antibodies produced by the person
- Memory cells after infection
- Vaccines (artificial)
- Some are lifelong, some are temporary
Aging Immune System
- Less efficient immune responses
- Increased perception of body's tissue as foreign
- Malignant cells not destroyed as quickly
- Increased infections, especially secondary infections
- Increased autoimmune disorders
- Increased cancer incidence
Assessment & Data Collection
Subjective
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Allergies
- Surgical history
Objective
- Head-to-toe assessment
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Enlarged spleen
Laboratory Tests
- CBC with differential
- ESR
- Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
- Antinuclear Antibody
- Complement (total, C3, C4)
- CRP
- Immunoglobulin assay (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)
- Antigen-Antibody combination immunoassay
- Antibody differentiation immunoassay
- Nucleic acid test
- HIV
- Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
- CD4
- CD8
Diagnostic Procedures
- Gene testing (oral/nasal swab)
- Map genetic disorders
- Biopsy (tissue testing)
- Cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, transplant rejection
- Skin testing (Candida, tetanus, TB, specific allergens)
Therapeutic Measures
Allergies
- Identification and avoidance
- Epi pen and antihistamines
- Immunotherapy (SCIT, SLIT)
Medications
- Antibiotics, antihistamines, antivirals, corticosteroids, decongestants, epinephrine, histamine blockers, hormone therapy, immunosuppressants, interferon, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers
Surgical Management
- Splenectomy to control symptoms
- Monoclonal antibodies
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Replace abnormal or missing genes with normal genes
- T lymphocyte gene transfer
- Stem cell injection
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Description
Test your knowledge on the immune system with this quiz covering lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, and the role of antibodies. Explore how the body identifies and destroys foreign pathogens and the functions of various immune cells. Assess your understanding of key concepts in immunology.
