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Tuesday: Lecture Synchronous Friday: Asynchronous Oct 1, 2024 - LE1 25 Stations - 4 Questions each...

Tuesday: Lecture Synchronous Friday: Asynchronous Oct 1, 2024 - LE1 25 Stations - 4 Questions each LE1 Book Tracker: Week 2 Epithelial Tissue Read Book (Tuesday) CHAPTER 4 (Junqueira) Read Notes Review Q and A Connective Tissue Read Book Chapter 6 (Junqueira) Read Notes Review Q and A Week 3 Muscle Tissue Read Book Chapter 10 (Junqueira) Read Notes Review Q and A Nervous Tissue Read Book Chapter 9 (Junqueira) Read Notes Review Q and A Week 4 Chapter : Read Book The Integumentary System: Skin, Derivatives of the skin and other associated structures Read Notes Chapter 19 Review Q and A In-person review (viewing of slides)  ❖ Simple squamous epithelium: Lecture 1: Epithelial and Connective Types of Classification of Epithelial Tissue - Serous of veg of caneshelium); pericardium, pleura, peritoneum September 10, 2024 (mesothelium) LBOBIO7 Week 2 (Sep 11).mkv - lungs, and endothelium of blood vessels - Facilitates the movement of the viscera (mesothelium), active Epithelial Tissue transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium and endothelium), secretion of biologically active molecules (mesothelium) Function: Covers, lines, and protects surfaces; involved in absorption and secretion. Endothelium: Lines blood vessels. ○ Lining/Protection: Covers surfaces. Lining Epithelium ○ Absorption: Absorbs substances (e.g., in the intestine). Lining Epithelium ○ Secretion: Produces and releases substances (e.g., Number of cell layer hormones, enzymes). ○ Simple: One layer of cells. Glandular epithelium ○ Stratified: Two or more layers of cells. (Nagpapatong nuclei) Types of Epithelial Tissue ○ Pseudostratified: Appears stratified but is actually a single layer of cells. Blood vessel: Tunica intima, media, and Pseudo - False adventitia ❖ Lining Flat Stratified >1 It covers, lines, and protects surfaces (skin) Katabi nung RBS halos yung Simple SE ○ Transitional Epithelial (Urothelium): Specialized type Absorption: Colon and Small intestine found in the urinary tract (ureters, bladder, proximal ❖ Glandular Pleura: Lines the lungs. urethra). Endocrine = Usually Hormones → release in blood Cell Shape vessels (circulation) ○ Squamous: Flattened cells. Exocrine = Usually Enzymes → secrete/empty into a Skin, Lungs, and Endothelium of Blood duct Vessels Secretion ○ Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells. Secretory glands (Thyroid gland) ○ Columnar: Tall, column-shaped cells. GI tract – small & large intestine, and stomach) Classification of Epithelial Tissue Simple Epithelium Tissue *Left = Lining | Right = Glandular* Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura = close attached to the lungs Pleural fluid = lessen friction sa lungs (lubrication)  ❖ Simple columnar epithelium: - Lining of small and large intestine, gallbladder, stomach Side Notes: Parenchyma - predominant cell of an organ Lungs - alveoli - Protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion Liver - hepatocytes Brain (CNS) - neuron Duodenum: Absorbs nutrients. Bone - osteoblast /osteocytes ❖ Simple cuboidal epithelium: ❖ Stratified squamous epithelium(keratinized / dry): - Covering the ovary, thyroid - Epidermis - Covering, secretion - Protection; prevents water loss Keratinized: Thyroid gland: Produces thyroid hormones. Forms the epidermis of the skin. Helps prevent water loss Not much villi = not much absorption Brunner glands = most alkaline secretion Goblet cells - white cytoplasm; respiratory organs and GI tract; secrete lucin Gallbladder: Stores bile. ❖ Stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized/moist): - Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal - Protection, secretion; prevents water loss Thyroid colloid - thyroglobulin (pink) Thyroid follicular cells Non-keratinized: Lines the esophagus. Ovary: Contains germinal epithelium. *Basement membrane – divides the lining epithelium and stroma *Upper esophagus: ½ stratified squamous (nonkeratinized) epithelium Mid esophagus Stratified Epithelium Tissue Lower esophagus: ½ simple columnar epithelium* Ovary is a gland. ❖ Stratified cuboidal epithelium: Both endocrine and exocrine gland - Sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles ◆ Endocrine = secrete - Protection, secretion estrogen and progesterone Ovarian follicles (Multilaminar): Contain developing ◆ Exocrine = egg cell egg cells.  Take Note: Unilaminar ovarian follicle → Practice Test: Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Sweat glands. Identify the organ? - Lungs (Alveoli) What type of epithelium? - Simple squamous epithelium ❖ Transitional epithelium (urothelium): - Bladder, ureters, renal calyces What type of tissue preparation? - Protection, distensibility - Pap smear - Characteristic of Transitional: Umbrella Cells Bulbar conjunctiva: fleshy tissue side of eye 3-5 cell layer Palpebral conjunctiva: inner eyelid Identify the type of epithelium? Lines the urinary bladder and ureters, proximal - Simple squamous epithelium (if not urethra. ❖ Pseudostratified epithelium (Respiratory epithelium): Bronchi layered) - Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity - Protection, secretion; cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in Cervix mucus out of the air passages - Endocervix: Simple Lines the respiratory tract. Columnar Begins w/ the nose, trachea, and bronchi - Ectocervix: Stratified Hyaline Cartilage (found sa bronchi and trachea) (nonkeratinizing) squamous epithelium. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells Identify the organ? - Kidney (medullary Naming: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells portion of kidneys) - *umbrella cells - change shape depending on the distention of the bladder* tubules ❖ Stratified columnar epithelium: Palpebral What type of epithelium? - Simple cuboidal - Conjunctiva epithelium - Protection Conjunctiva: Lines the eye. *Small projections are cilia* Cilia: Small; helps in the mucociliary clearance (clear pathogens) Villi: larger and found in the GI tract ca also have cilia in it  - They differ in the orientation of the collagen fibers Identify the organ? - GI tract (small intestine - duodenum) What type of epithelium? - Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells [Background: ECM → secreted by fibroblast] [Nuclei: Ovoid/elliptical] Fibroblast: premature (progenitor); bigger; euchromatin → dividing Fibrocyte: mature; smaller; heterochromatin → nondividing Identify the organ? Connective Tissue Proper - Ureter, bladder, proximal Embryonic Connective Tissue urethra What type of epithelium? - Transitional epithelium (urothelium) w/ umbrella cells Mucoid Tissue: Umbilical cord Loose (areolar) vs. Dense connective tissue ❖ Lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of digestive tract ❖ Pink and Purple: Hematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E) Review: https://quizlet.com/452727742/epithelial-tissue-honors-flash-cards/ https://www.histologyguide.com/slidebox/02-epithelium.html ❖ 2 Arteries and 1 Vein Artery: lumen is clean and circular; Intima → non Connective Tissue collapsible; and thicker. Vein: circle but medyo elliptical and waves na siya. Function: Supports and connects other tissues. (Stroma ng Skin) ❖ The Embryonic connective tissue ay yung nakapalibot sa artery Parenchyma: Fibroblast and veins (surrounding stroma). Components: Ground substance (white): high in water and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) ❖ Wharton’s Jelly ○ Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, etc. L = loose and D = dense ○ Ground substance: A gel-like matrix. Key Points: Generalities ○ Fibers: Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. Dense Irregular vs Dense Regular Connective Tissue  Connective tissue is specialized to physically support and connect Many components of upper respiratory tract; articular other tissues and maintain the water required for metabolite ends and epiphyseal plates of long bones; fetal skeleton diffusion to and from cells. Provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints; Connective tissues all consist primarily of extracellular material structural support for respiratory tract rather than cells. Within most organs connective tissue properly forms the supportive stroma, which supports the organ's unique functional components or parenchyma. The ECM of connective tissue proper usually consists of both large protein fibers (collagen) and non fibrous areas of unstained ground substance rich in various GAGs and water. Connective tissue proper is usually classified as loose or dense according to the amount of collagen and ground substance present. Loose connective tissue (or areolar tissue) has relatively more → Silver staining; highlights fibers that are dark [P: Perichondrium/Fibrous tissues] [C:Chondroblast - Elliptical looking ground substance than collagen, and it typically surrounds small ❖ Hematopoietic Tissues: Bone Marrow cells] [C:Chondrocyte; Middle portion] [M:ECM] blood vessels and occupies areas adjacent to other types of ❖ Lymphoid tissues: Thymus and Lymph node epithelia. ❖ Elastic Dense irregular connective tissue is filled primarily with rind Type 2 collagen distributed bundles of type I collagen, with some elastic fibers, Chondroblast and chondrocytes Adipose Connective Tissue Perichondrium (chondroblast): Yes providing resistance to tearing from all directions as well as some elasticity. External ear, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube: Dense regular connective tissue, prominent in tendons and epiglottis and certain other laryngeal cartilages ligaments, features bundles of essentially parallel type I collagen, Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues providing great strength (but little stretch) in binding together components of the musculoskeletal system. Reticular tissue consists of delicate networks of type Ill collagen and is most abundant in certain lymphoid organs where the fibers form attachment sites for lymphocytes and other immune cells. Mucoid tissue is a gel-like connective tissue with few cells found most abundantly around blood vessels in the umbilical cord. ❖ Fat/Taba Specialized Connective Tissue ❖ Very large cytoplasm → nadidisplace na nucleus ❖ Signet-ring shaped cells ❖ Adipocyte - storage form of lipids → Triglycerides ❖ Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue (3 Types) Type 2 and Type 1 collagen Chondrocytes, and fibroblasts ❖ Hyaline Perichondrium (chondroblast): No Reticular Connective Tissue Type 2 collagen Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus, and Chondroblast and chondrocytes certain other joints; insertions of tendons Perichondrium (chondroblast): Yes  Provides cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance Identify the type of connective to tearing and compression tissue - Loose (areolar) Connective tissue Identify the organ? [CC: Central/Haversian Canal] [L: Concentric Lamellae] [O: Osteocytes] - Peripheral Blood smear [C: Canaliculi] Identify the type of connective tissue Cross Section vs. Longitudinal Section - Blood Identify the type of connective Bone Connective Tissue tissue - Bone Practice Test: Connective Identify the organ? - Adipose What is the characteristic shape Red: - Signet-ring shaped 1. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Function 2. Perichondrium - Energy storage and Blue: lipids, and cushioning 1. Cartilage 2. Chondrocyte/blast 3. Hyaline Cartilage → long bones, kneecaps, ribs, and Respiratory (trachea/bronchi) [Osteoclast → Resorption→ Increases serum calcium] [ Osteoblast → bone adsorption] Haversian System (Osteon): structural unit of the bone  Lecture 2: Nerve and Muscle Glial cells : Function for support September 17, 2024 Tip: 1. Check location: CNS or PNS Nervous System Cell type Origin Location Function Involves transmission of neuronal signals. Ex. a movement of the hand; this will start in the neuronal signals Oligodendrocyte Neural tube CNS Myelin production, coming from your brain → travels to effector muscles electrical insulation Astrocyte Neural tube CNS Structural and metabolic Cells found in the NS support of neurons, especially at synapses; Neurons repair processes Are the functional unit and the parenchyma in both the CNS and Ependymal cell Neural tube Line Aid production and PNS. ventricles movement of CSF ○ CNS: Brain spinal cord, and cerebellum and central ○ PNS: Peripheral Nerves (usually come out of the spinal cycle of cord) CNS Cell body - “Perikaryon” or “Soma” S → satellite cells are closely associated w/ neuronal bodies (support). ○ Nissl substance Microglia Bone CNS Defense and L → Lipofuscin pigment are seen sa elderly (age-related changes) marrow immune-related Dark stained purple (RER) for protein (monocytes) activities Simple Ciliated Columnar epithelium synthesis Dendrites - cytoplasmic projections from the perikaryon Schwann cells Neural tube Peripheral Myelin production, Axon nerves electrical insulation ○ Axon hillock Satellite cells Neural tube Peripheral Structural and metabolic ganglia support for neuronal cell bodies. Additional Notes: 1. Oligodendrocyte: If the cell is myelinated – it has faster signal transmission (saltatory conduction). 2. Astrocyte: most numerous; for support and is a part (make up) blood brain barrier (para hindi lahat ng cells/ions ay pumunta sa E → ependymal cell is important in the movement of CSF brain). V → ventricle 3. Ependymal: Adsorption of CSF 4. Microglia: Have phagocytic function; immune-related activities. Monocyte siya na pumunta sa brain → Microglia 5. Schwann cell: has the same function of oligodendrocyte 6. Satellite cells: for support  ○ Subdural space: the space between Arachnoid and dura ○ White matter: internal → Mostly glial cells mater. ○ Arachnoid: Spider-web Cerebellum ○ Subarachnoid space: below the arachnoid and pia mater. Where the CSF is located. ○ Blood vessel ○ Pia mater: innermost; they are a single layer of flat squamoid-like appearance. Dikit sa brain parenchyma Brain (Cerebral Cortex) White spacing sa gitna is the ventricle Ventricles → portion of the brain where we can find CSF → where you can find ependymal cells (simple ciliated columnar epithelium). Cerebellar cortex: Gray matter ○ 3 Layers: (Outer to inner) Cerebral cortex (This is opposite to the spinal cord) Molecular ○ Gray matter: External → Mostly Neurons Purkinje: branching ○ 6 layers (Outer to inner) Granular Cerebellar medulla: White matter CP → choroid plexus are basically made up of ependymal cells; nagproject lang sila towards the ventricle. FOUND IN LARGE VENTRICLES (3RD AND ○ 1 layer 4TH) Spinal Cord Central Nervous System Brain, Spinal Cord, and the Cerebellum Meninges Covers the brain Divided into 3: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater [Cross section of Spinal Cord] [White matter: Outermost: Cerebellar cortex] [Gray matter: Innermost: Cerebellar medulla] [P:Posterior horn → conducts sensation] [A:Anterior horn → conducts movement] [C: central canal] P → Pyramidal neurons; vital for initiation of both the voluntary motor response and in receiving touch/sensation. (Can be seen gray matter/externally located) ○ Dura: Dense irregular connective tissue Cerebral medulla  Identify the organ? Practice Test: Nerve - Cerebrum (Cerebral Muscle Tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Cortex) Identify the organ? Involves w/ movement - Spinal cord Regulation of body temperature Skeletal Muscle Voluntary muscle → can be controlled Cylindrical in shape nuclei → found periphery side Identify the structure Have striations - Arachnoid mater Functional unit: Sarcomere Mesenchymal like muscle → satellite cells Originated: Myoblast (Like progenitor/stem cell) fused w/ satellite cells form muscle fiber Take note: some myoblasts do not undergo differentiation; they become satellite cells. Identify the tissue - Choroid plexus (Ependymal cells/ 3rd and 4th Ventricle) Identify the cell - Purkinje cell (Cerebellum)  Cardiac Muscle (Heart) Smooth Muscle Practice Test: Nerve Involuntary muscle → cannot be controlled CROSS SECTION: Centrally located nuclei More rounded in shape nuclei → found central LONGITUDINAL: Spindle-shaped nuclei Identify the type of muscle. Have striations, branching. No branching and no striations - Skeletal Intercalating disc Involuntary muscle ○ Inside of it has many gap junctions Cigar-shaped nuclei Impulse conduction (heart beats as one → syncytium) Mesenchymal like muscle → satellite cells Originated: Myoblast (Like progenitor/stem cell) fused w/ satellite cells form muscle fiber Take note: some myoblasts do not undergo differentiation; they become satellite cells. Identify the type of muscle. - Smooth Identify the type of muscle. - Cardiac *Lipofuscin and Intercalated disc*